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首页> 外文期刊>Interacting with Computers >User errors on scanning keyboards: Empirical study, model and design principles
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User errors on scanning keyboards: Empirical study, model and design principles

机译：扫描键盘上的用户错误：实证研究，模型和设计原则

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摘要

Scanning keyboards are used as augmentative communication aids by persons with severe speech and motion impairments. Literature reports two approaches for the design of scanning keyboards; design based on the experience and intuition of designers and user model based design methods. None of these approaches, however, considers user errors in the design process, potentially limiting the practical usefulness of the designs. We have performed experiments in order to study user errors on scanning keyboards. We have found that two types of errors affect performance of scanning keyboard users significantly, namely (a) timing error that occurs when a user fails to select a key at the appropriate time and (b) selection error that occurs when the user selects a wrong key. These errors have been found to increase users' text entry time by as high as 65% and 35%, respectively. Based on empirical observations, we have developed a state transition model of user behavior during user-keyboard interaction. The model comprises of four states, each of which represents the physical and cognitive state of the user at particular instant of the interaction. The transitions are caused by users' physical, cognitive and perceptual activities. We have found that the errors could be explained as caused due to the problems in making the transitions properly. In addition to explaining errors, the model has helped us to predict distribution of error probabilities with respect to the distance between keys. We have used the model predicted error distributions to develop principles for scanning keyboard design that aim to reduce user errors. The principles state that the frequently used key pairs should be placed apart by a minimum distance, which has been obtained from the error distributions, in order to reduce errors. The method and results of the study, the user model and the design principles are presented in this paper.
机译：扫描键盘被严重的言语和运动障碍人士用作增强的交流帮助。文献报道了两种设计扫描键盘的方法。设计基于设计师的经验和直觉以及基于用户模型的设计方法。但是，这些方法均未考虑设计过程中的用户错误，从而有可能限制设计的实际实用性。我们进行了实验，以研究扫描键盘上的用户错误。我们发现，有两种类型的错误会严重影响扫描键盘用户的性能，即（a）用户在适当的时间未能选择键时发生的计时错误，以及（b）用户选择错误时发生的选择错误。键。发现这些错误分别使用户的文本输入时间分别增加了65％和35％。基于经验观察，我们开发了用户-键盘交互期间用户行为的状态转换模型。该模型包括四个状态，每个状态代表用户在特定交互时刻的身体和认知状态。过渡是由用户的身体，认知和感知活动引起的。我们发现，可以将这些错误解释为由于正确进行过渡中的问题而引起的。除了解释错误外，该模型还帮助我们预测了有关键之间距离的错误概率分布。我们已经使用模型预测的错误分布来开发用于减少键盘错误的扫描键盘设计原理。原理指出，经常使用的密钥对应该分开一个最小距离，该距离已从错误分布中获得，以减少错误。本文介绍了研究的方法和结果，用户模型和设计原理。

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