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Energy taxes, reforms and income inequality: An empirical cross-country analysis

机译：能源税，改革与收入不平等：跨国经验分析

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Environmentally-motivated taxes on energy products can effectively induce households and firms to take into account the environmental externalities of energy transformation and use. The levy of such taxes is, however, often hampered by public concerns over possible distributional effects. This paper analyses the macroeconomic relationship between taxes on energy products and income inequality. It also investigates whether this relationship is different in cases where explicit mechanisms to shift tax burden from labour and income to environmentally harmful activities have been established. In contrast to earlier empirical studies which analyse the distributional effects of energy taxes on the uses of household income, this paper focuses on their macroeconomic relationship with income sources. Using a panel of 34 OECD countries from 1995 to 2011, the paper shows that in the absence of explicit tax revenue recycling mechanisms there is a positive, although modest, relationship between the share of revenues from energy taxes in GDP and the Gini coefficient, which is the adopted measure of income inequality. In contrast, where such mechanisms have been implemented, there is an inverse and relatively stronger relationship between the share of energy tax revenues in GDP and inequality in income sources.
机译：能源产品的环保税可以有效地促使家庭和企业考虑能源转换和使用的环境外部性。但是，公众对可能产生的分配影响的担忧经常阻碍了此类税收的征收。本文分析了能源产品税与收入不平等之间的宏观经济关系。它还建立了明确的机制将税收负担从劳动和收入转移到对环境有害的活动时，这种关系是否不同。与分析能源税对家庭收入使用的分配效应的较早的实证研究相反，本文重点研究能源税与收入来源的宏观经济关系。使用1995年至2011年的34个经合组织国家组成的小组，该文件显示，在缺乏明确的税收回收机制的情况下，能源税收入占GDP的比重与基尼系数之间存在正相关关系，尽管程度不大。是收入不平等的衡量标准。相反，在已实施此类机制的地方，能源税收入在GDP中的份额与收入来源中的不平等之间存在相反的关系，并且关系相对较强。

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