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Store Separation: Photogrammetric Solution for the Static Ejection Test

机译：商店分离：用于静态喷射测试的摄影测量解决方案

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摘要

The process of developing and certifying aircraft and aeronautical systems requires the execution of experimental flight test campaigns to determine the actual characteristics of the system being developed and/or validated. In this process, there are many campaigns that are inherently dangerous, such as the store separation. In this particular case, the greatest risk is the collision of the store with the fuselage of the aircraft. To mitigate the risks of this campaign, it is necessary to compare the actual trajectory of a separation with its simulated estimates. With such information, it is possible to decide whether the next store release can be done with the required safety and/or whether the model used to estimate the separation trajectory is valid or not. Consequently, exact determination of the trajectory of the separation is necessary. Store separation is a strategic, relevant, and complex process for all nations. The two main techniques for determining the quantitative store trajectory data with 6DoF (six degrees of freedom) are photogrammetry and instrumented telemetry packages (data obtained from inertial sensors that are installed in the store). Each presents advantages and disadvantages. In regard to photogrammetry, several market solutions can be used to perform these tests. However, the result of the separation trajectory is only obtained after the test flight, and therefore, it is not possible to safely carry out more than one on the same flight. In this context, the development and validation of a solution that will allow the realization of near real-time separation analysis are in fact an innovative and original work. This paper discusses the development and validation, through actual static ejection tests, of the components that will compose a new onboard optical trajectory system for use in store separation campaigns. This solution includes the implementation of a three-dimensional (3D) calibration field that allows calibration of the optical assembly with just one photo per optical assembly, development of a complete analytical model for camera calibration, and development of specific software for identification and tracking of targets in two-dimensional (2D) coordinate images and three-dimensional (3D) coordinate trajectory calculation. In relation to the calibration, the analytical model is based on a pinhole type camera and considers its intrinsic parameters. This allowed for a mean square error smaller than +/- 3.9 pixels @1 sigma. The 3D analysis software for 6DoF trajectory expression was developed using photogrammetry techniques and absolute orientation. The uncertainty associated with the position measurement of each of the markers varies from +/- 0.02mm to +/- 8.00mm @1 sigma, depending on the geometry of the viewing angles. The experiments were carried out at IPEV (Flight Test Research Institute)/Brazil, and the results were considered satisfactory. We advocate that the knowledge gained through this research contributes to the development of new methods that permit almost real-time analysis in store separation tests.
机译：飞机和航空系统的开发和认证过程要求执行实验性飞行测试活动，以确定正在开发和/或验证的系统的实际特性。在此过程中，有许多固有的危险活动，例如商店分离。在这种特殊情况下，最大的风险是商店与飞机机身的碰撞。为了减轻此活动的风险，有必要将分离的实际轨迹与其模拟估算值进行比较。利用这些信息，可以决定是否可以以所需的安全性完成下一次存储发布和/或用于估计分离轨迹的模型是否有效。因此，必须精确确定分离的轨迹。商店分离对于所有国家来说都是一个战略，相关且复杂的过程。使用6DoF（六个自由度）确定定量商店轨迹数据的两种主要技术是摄影测量法和仪器遥测软件包（从安装在商店中的惯性传感器获得的数据）。每种都有优点和缺点。关于摄影测量，可以使用几种市场解决方案来执行这些测试。然而，分离轨迹的结果仅在试飞之后获得，因此，不可能在同一次飞行中安全地进行多个。在这种情况下，开发和验证可实现近实时分离分析的解决方案实际上是一项创新的工作。本文讨论了通过实际的静态弹出测试对组件的开发和验证，这些组件将组成一个新的机载光学弹道系统，用于商店分离活动。该解决方案包括实施三维（3D）校准字段，该校准字段允许每个光学组件仅用一张照片进行光学组件的校准，开发用于相机校准的完整分析模型以及开发用于识别和跟踪镜头的特定软件。二维（2D）坐标图像和三维（3D）坐标轨迹计算中的目标。关于校准，分析模型基于针孔型摄像机并考虑其固有参数。这允许均方误差小于1 sigma +/- 3.9像素。使用摄影测量技术和绝对方向开发了用于6DoF轨迹表达的3D分析软件。与每个标记的位置测量相关的不确定性在1 sigma范围内从+/- 0.02mm到+/- 8.00mm不等，具体取决于视角的几何形状。实验在IPEV（飞行测试研究所）/巴西进行，结果被认为是令人满意的。我们主张通过这项研究获得的知识有助于开发新方法，这些方法允许在商店分离测试中进行几乎实时的分析。

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