Research in wireless networking has undoubtedly achieved some important milestones toward making ubiquitous anytime anywhere access and pervasive communications and computing a reality. However, we are still a long way off from providing seamless efficient services to wireless end users. In 4G, heterogeneous networks are deployed with different access network technologies (e.g., WLANs, ad hoc, wireless mesh, WiMAx, LTE etc.) that vary in bandwidth, latency and cost.
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