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首页> 外文期刊>International Journal of Ecology & Enviromental Sciences >Achievement and Challenges in Eco-restoration of Mangroves in Goa
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Achievement and Challenges in Eco-restoration of Mangroves in Goa

机译：果阿红树林生态修复的成就与挑战

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摘要

Indiscriminate destruction of mangroves in Goa over centuries, mainly by way of land reclamation for agricultural purposes, has led to existence of 18500 ha of reclaimed inter-tidal lands, locally known as Khazan Lands. In the unreclaimed areas too, mangroves degradation took place due to biotic interferences. In the year 1985-1986, mangrove restoration works were initiated in Goa to restore degraded mangroves occurring along the estuaries in the form of narrow strip. Based on study of aerial photographs, mangrove area of Goa has been estimated to be 2000 ha. By the end of 2001-2002, total 1350.25 ha area has been covered under mangrove afforestation programme. Today, due to mangrove conservation efforts in Goa, success has been achieved in restoration of mangroves in the un-reclaimed areas but a much bigger challenge lies ahead. So far, no adequate attention has been paid towards management of 18500 ha of Khazan Lands. Prior to reclamation, Khazan Lands were under the cover of mangroves. As on today, most of these lands are either underutilized or unutilized and yielding a meager income to the owners of these lands. Faulty land use planning is responsible for destruction of mangroves and consequently degradation of local environment. Indiscriminate conversion of inter-tidal lands has also deprived local communities from getting tangible benefits like fuelwood, fodder, timber, etc. from the mangroves. To tackle the situation, long term planning is necessary. It is worthwhile to conduct survey for collection of precise information on extent, ownership, current use, potential use, encroachment, socio-economic dependence, salinity, tidal regime, flora, fauna, etc. The information will help in drawing appropriate management plan. There is urgent need to launch education and awareness program for the masses so as to make them aware about ill effects of mangroves destruction and current mismanagement of Khazan Lands. To promote mangrove planting on their private and community lands, it is necessary to simplify procedure for harvesting of private forest plantations under the Goa, Daman and Diu, Preservation of Trees Act, 1984. Section 54 of the Tenancy Act, 1964, empowers the Government to take over management of such Khazan Lands, which lie uncultivated for three consecutive years. Effective implementation of the law will act as a deterrent for those keeping their lands unutilized. On the other hand incentives may be given to those who grow and manage mangroves on their lands. Researches, conducted in various parts of the globe, have established that number of eco-friendly agroforestry activities can be practiced in the mangrove ecosystem. In a broad sense, the term agroforestry means combination of Silviculture with minimum one of the following practices viz. agriculture, horticulture, aquaculture, apiculture, seaweed culture, animal husbandry, wildlife farming. Based on these activities, site-specific agroforestry models need to be developed and demonstrated to win confidence of the Khazan Land owners. Implementation of agroforestry activities can revert Khazan Lands back to mangrove ecology, which in turn, will upgrade the environment and eco-friendly economic activities on the Khazan Lands will enhance socioeconomic status of the local communities.
机译：几个世纪以来，果阿对果阿红树林的滥砍滥伐，主要是通过以农业为目的的土地开垦，导致了18500公顷的填海潮间带土地的存在，当地被称为Khazan Lands。同样在未开垦地区，由于生物干扰，红树林也发生了退化。 1985-1986年，在果阿启动了红树林恢复工作，以恢复沿河口以窄条形式出现的退化红树林。根据航拍照片的研究，果阿的红树林面积估计为2000公顷。到2001-2002年底，红树林造林计划已经覆盖了1350.25公顷的面积。如今，由于果阿地区的红树林保护工作，在未开垦地区恢复红树林方面已取得成功，但面临的挑战更大。迄今为止，尚未对18500公顷的Khazan Lands土地的管理给予足够的重视。在开垦之前，卡赞土地被红树林掩盖。与今天一样，这些土地中的大多数土地未被充分利用或未被利用，给这些土地的所有者带来了微薄的收入。错误的土地利用规划是造成红树林遭到破坏并导致当地环境恶化的原因。潮间带土地的无偿转换也剥夺了当地社区从红树林中获得诸如薪柴，饲料，木材等切实利益的权利。为了解决这种情况，有必要进行长期规划。有必要进行调查以收集有关范围，所有权，当前使用，潜在使用，侵占，社会经济依赖性，盐度，潮汐制度，植物群，动物群等的精确信息。这些信息将有助于制定适当的管理计划。迫切需要启动针对大众的教育和认识计划，以使他们了解到红树林遭到破坏和目前喀山土地管理不善的不良影响。为了促进在其私人和社区土地上种植红树林，有必要简化根据果阿，达曼和迪乌《 1984年树木保护法》的采伐私有林的程序。1964年《租赁法》第54条赋予政府权力接管连续三年未耕种的卡赞土地的管理。有效执行法律将对那些使土地未被利用的人起到威慑作用。另一方面，可以奖励那些在其土地上种植和管理红树林的人。在全球各地进行的研究已经确定，可以在红树林生态系统中开展许多生态友好型农林业活动。从广义上讲，农林业一词是指造林与以下至少一种实践的结合。农业，园艺，水产养殖，养蜂业，海藻养殖，畜牧业，野生动植物养殖。在这些活动的基础上，需要开发特定地点的农林业模型并加以证明，以赢得卡赞土地所有者的信任。农林业活动的实施可以使卡赞土地恢复为红树林生态，从而改善环境，而卡赞土地上的生态友好型经济活动将提高当地社区的社会经济地位。

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