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Does total factor productivity affect the energy efficiency Evidence from the Indian paper industry

机译：全要素生产率是否会影响能效印度造纸业的证据

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摘要

Purpose - Because of growing energy consumption and increasing absolute CO_2 emissions, the recent calibrations about the environmental sustainability across the globe have mandated to achieve the minimal energy consumption through employing energy-efficient technology. This study aims to estimate linkage between simple measure of energy efficiency indicator that is reciprocal of energy intensity and total factor productivity (TFP) in case of Indian paper industry for 21 major states. In addition, the study incorporates the other control variables like labour productivity, capital utilization and structure of paper industry to scrutinize their likely impact on energy efficiency performance of the industry.Design/methodology/approach - To derive the plausible estimates of TFP, the study applies the much celebrated Levinsohn and Petrin (2003) methodology. Using the regional level data for the period 2001-2013, the study employs instrumental variable-generalized method of moments (GMM-IV) technique to examine the nature of relationship among the variables involved in the analysis.Findings - An elementary examination of energy intensity shows that not all states are equally energy intensive. States like Goa, Rajasthan, Jharkhand and Tamil Nadu are less energy intensive, whereas Uttar Pradesh, Kerala, Chhattisgarh, Assam and Punjab are most energy-intensive states on the basis of their state averages over the whole study period. The results estimated through GMM-IV show that increasing level of TFP is associated with lower level of energy per unit of output. Along this better skills and capacity utilization are also found to have positive impact on energy efficiency performance of industry. However, the potential heterogeneity within the structure of industry itself is found responsible for its higher energy intensity.Practical implications - States should ensure and undertake substantial investment projects in the research and development of energy-efficient technology and that targeted allocations could be reinforced for more fruitful results. Factors aiming at improving the labour productivity should be given extra emphasis together with capital deepening and widening, needed for energy conservation and environmental sustainability. Given the dependence of structure of paper industry on the multitude of factors like regional inequality, economic growth, industrial structure and the resource endowment together with the issues of fragmented sizes, poor infrastructure and availability and affordability of raw materials etc., states should actively promote the coordination and cooperation among themselves to reap the benefits of technological advancements through technological spill overs. In addition, owing to their respective state autonomies, state governments should set their own energy saving targets by taking into account the respective potentials and opportunities for the different industries. Despite the requirement of energy-efficient innovations, however, the cons of technological advancements and the legal frameworks on the employment structure and distributional status should be taken care of before their adoption and execution.Originality/value - To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that empirically examines the linkage between energy efficiency and TFP in case of Indian paper industry. The application of improved methods like Levinsohn and Petrin (2003) to derive the TFP measure and the use of GMM-IV to account for potential econometric problems like that of endogeneity will again add to the novelty of study.
机译：目的-由于能源消耗的增加和绝对CO_2排放量的增加，最近有关全球环境可持续性的校准要求通过采用节能技术来实现最低能耗。这项研究的目的是估计在21个主要州的印度造纸业中，能源强度的倒数即能效指标的简单度量与全要素生产率（TFP）之间的联系。此外，该研究还纳入了其他控制变量，如劳动生产率，资本利用和造纸行业的结构，以研究它们对造纸行业能源效率绩效的可能影响。设计/方法/方法-为得出TFP的合理估计，该研究应用了著名的Levinsohn和Petrin（2003）的方法。使用2001-2013年期间的区域级数据，本研究采用了工具广义矩量矩（GMM-IV）技术来检验分析中涉及的变量之间关系的性质。发现-能量强度的基本检验表明并非所有国家都同样耗能。根据整个研究期间的平均状态，果阿，拉贾斯坦邦，贾坎德邦和泰米尔纳德邦等州的能源密集度较低，而北方邦，喀拉拉邦，恰蒂斯加尔邦，阿萨姆邦和旁遮普邦则是能源密集度最高的州。通过GMM-IV估算的结果表明，TFP水平的提高与单位产出能源水平的降低相关。同时，还发现更好的技能和产能利用率对行业的能效表现有积极影响。但是，发现行业结构内部潜在的异质性是造成其较高的能源强度的原因。实践意义-各国应确保并进行大量投资项目以进行节能技术的研究和开发，并应加强有针对性的分配结果丰硕。应特别重视旨在提高劳动生产率的因素，以及节约能源和环境可持续性所需的资本深化和扩大。鉴于造纸业结构依赖于区域不平等，经济增长，产业结构和资源end赋等多种因素，以及规模分散，基础设施差，原材料供应和可负担性等问题，各州应积极促进彼此之间的协调与合作，以通过技术溢出获得技术进步的收益。此外，各州政府应根据各自的州自治权，制定自己的节能目标，同时考虑不同行业的潜力和机遇。尽管要求进行节能创新，但是在采用和执行技术进步之前，应注意技术进步的弊端以及有关就业结构和分配状况的法律框架。原创性/价值-就我们所知，这是第一个以实证检验在印度造纸业中能源效率与TFP之间关系的研究。诸如Levinsohn和Petrin（2003）的改进方法的应用来推导TFP度量，以及使用GMM-IV解决潜在的计量经济学问题，例如内生性问题，将再次增加研究的新颖性。

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