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首页> 外文期刊>International journal of nuclear desalination >The pebble bed modular reactor, desalination challenges and options
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The pebble bed modular reactor, desalination challenges and options

机译：卵石床模块化反应器，脱盐挑战和选择

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The Pebble Bed Modular Reactor (PBMR) is a development lead by Eskom, the South African state power utility. The technology used is based on the previous German HTGR work linked to a direct cycle gas turbine (or Breyton Cycle) being developed in conjunction with Mitsubishi Heavy Industry. The initial commercial plant design has a thermal output of 400 MW with an electrical output (nett) of over 165 MW. The interesting feature of desalination is that the nature of the inter-cooled closed cycle is the rejection of waste heat (about 200 MW) at temperatures of up to 120℃ to cooling water circuits. The options that could be considered include a reverse osmosis plant using a sea water inlet temp of 25℃ with an outlet from the reactor's coolers of 40℃. This would result in a power consumption of some 14 MW from the reactor with a water production of 78,000 m~3/day per reactor. If the |evaporative approach is to be used, the current design can yield 400kg/s of water @ 102℃, or (with minor modifications to the coolers and some increased limits on the operating flexibility of the reactor) 342 kg/s @ 115℃. In both these last two cases, there would be no reduction in the electrical power dispatched to the grid. The advantages of such a system to desalination applications are several. The size of the reactor means that even in reasonably small electrical grids (as small as 1000 MW total) a number of PBMRs could be grouped together. This would avoid the problem of backing up the desalination system with a fossil fuel source when the reactor is in maintenance. An effective installation could be four PBMRs linked through a common cooling water system to two desalination plants (each to be supported by one reactor). Since the PBMR uses on-load fuelling systems, the plant does not have the problem of short operating cycles (12-18 months) but can operate for six years between 30-day maintenance periods. It is also designed, due to the inherent safety features of small HTGRs, to be operated with a far smaller nuclear infrastructure, using extensive turn key vendor support (as with current gas fired power stations). These features make the PBMR far more suitable for developing countries, where the application of existing nuclear designs (e.g. a. 1000 MW PWR) would be problematic.
机译：卵石床模块化反应堆（PBMR）由南非国家电力公司Eskom领导开发。所使用的技术基于德国HTGR先前的工作，该工作与三菱重工联合开发的直接循环燃气轮机（或布雷顿循环）相关。最初的商业工厂设计具有400 MW的热输出和165 MW以上的电输出（净额）。脱盐的有趣特征在于，中间冷却的封闭循环的本质是将温度高达120℃的废热（约200 MW）排到冷却水回路中。可以考虑的选项包括反渗透设备，其海水进口温度为25℃，反应器冷却器的出口温度为40℃。这将导致反应器的能耗约14 MW，每个反应器的产水量为78,000 m3 /天。如果要使用蒸发方法，则当前的设计在102℃时可产生400kg / s的水，或者（在对冷却器进行较小改动的同时，对反应器的操作灵活性进行了一些限制）在115时为342 kg / s ℃。在这后两种情况下，分配给电网的电力都不会减少。这种系统对于脱盐应用的优点是几个。反应堆的大小意味着即使在相当小的电网中（总计小至1000 MW），也可以将许多PBMR组合在一起。这将避免在反应堆维护时用化石燃料源支持脱盐系统的问题。一个有效的安装可以是通过一个公用冷却水系统将四个PBMR连接到两个脱盐工厂（每个工厂都由一个反应堆支撑）。由于PBMR使用有载加油系统，因此该工厂不存在运行周期短（12-18个月）的问题，但可以在30天的维护周期内运行6年。由于小型HTGR的固有安全特性，它还被设计为在较小的核基础设施下运行，使用广泛的成套钥匙供应商支持（与当前的燃气电站一样）。这些特征使PBMR更加适合于发展中国家，在这些国家中，现有核设计（例如1000 MW PWR）的应用会出现问题。

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