While great challenges exist, opportunities can be identified and some domestic companies have already strategically managed their technology catching up with the multinational corporations. Fan et al. emphasised internal development, location strategy for R&D functions, and manipulation of domestic demand. Gao et al. pointed out certain strategies to overcome resource and reputation disadvantage, such as specialisation, outside financing, and support from loyal customers and non-customer stakeholders, de Gravel illustrated that as recipient of technology transfer, a good understanding of the BE model can improve the efficiency of technology absorption, adaptation, and improvement. Yu demonstrated that domestic firms can leap frog in their technology ladder, instead of being a path-follower, via intense inter-firm collaboration and strong institutional support. Wang et al. highlighted how domestic firms as a group can collaborate and benefit from industrial standard formation. Ernst emphasised the importance of soft capability and technology diversification that complement to hard R&D and radical innovation.
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