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Modeling of Grade Change Operations During Continuous Casting of Steel-Mixing in the Tundish

机译：中间包钢混铸连续铸造过程中的坡度变化模型

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Continuous casting is the primary mode of production of semifinished steel products as it offers tremendous advantages in terms of energy savings, increased yield and higher productivity over the traditional ingot casting process. Efforts have to be made constantly to improve the quality of the cast product, reduce costs and thus increase the competitiveness of the steel manufacturer. One way of reducing costs is to reduce the amount of steel that has to be "off graded" on account of it not falling within the specifications of the grade demanded by the customer. A common source of such off grade steel is that cast during a grade change operation. In the grade change operation, the tundish containing the old grade of steel being cast is first emptied to a certain depth before pouring the new grade from the ladle. The new grade is usually poured at a rate that is much greater than the steady-state casting rate. This is done in order to fill the tundish to its normal operating level as quickly as possible. Once the normal operating level is reached, the teeming rate from the ladle to the tundish is reduced to match the steady-state casting rate.
机译：连续铸造是半钢产品的主要生产方式，因为与传统的钢锭铸造工艺相比，连续铸造在节能，提高产量和提高生产率方面具有巨大优势。必须不断地努力改善铸造产品的质量，降低成本，从而提高钢铁制造商的竞争力。降低成本的一种方法是减少由于不属于客户要求等级的规格而必须“不合格”的钢材数量。这种不合格钢的常见来源是在坡度变更操作期间铸造的钢。在品位变更操作中，首先将排空包含旧铸钢的中间包到一定深度，然后再从钢包浇注新品级。通常以比稳态浇铸速率大得多的速率浇注新等级。这样做是为了尽快将中间包填充到其正常操作水平。一旦达到正常操作水平，便会降低从钢包到中间包的浇铸速率，以与稳态铸造速率相匹配。

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