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State of the Art in Evaluation and Control of Steel Cleanliness

机译：钢清洁度评估和控制的最新技术

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This paper first reviews the current "state-of-the-art" in the evaluation of steel cleanliness, discussing over 20 different methods. The demand for cleaner steels requires lowering non-metallic oxide inclusions and also controlling their morphology, composition and size distribution. Because no single method can measure all of these aspects accurately, it is best to combine several methods together to quantify steel cleanliness in a given operation. Owing to the cost, time requirements, and sampling difficulties, steel cleanliness is widely inferred using total oxygen, nitrogen pick-up, and other indirect methods. Recent cleanliness values using these indicators are summarized for LCAK at many steel plants around the world. Secondly, this paper reviews operating practices to improve steel cleanliness at the ladle, tundish and continuous caster, emphasizing findings quantified with plant measurements. Inclusions come from many sources, including deoxidation, reoxidation, slag entrapment, refractory wear, and chemical reactions. They generate many defects such as cracks and slivers in the steel product. Steel cleanliness is controlled by attention to a wide range of important operating conditions throughout the steelmaking and casting processes. For ladle operations, FeO and MnO in the slag, ladle treatments, and inclusion modification are discussed. For tundish operations, tundish depth and capacity, casting transitions, refractory lining, tundish flux; gas stirring, and flow controls are discussed. Important transfer operations from ladle to tundish and from tundish to mold, such as argon protection, sealing issues, and SEN clogging are summarized. Caster operations reviewed include the effect of casting speed, fluid flow pattern control, surface level control, and caster curvature.
机译：本文首先回顾了当前钢清洁度的“最新技术”，讨论了20多种不同的方法。对清洁钢的需求要求降低非金属氧化物夹杂物，并控制其形态，成分和尺寸分布。因为没有任何一种方法可以准确地测量所有这些方面，所以最好将几种方法结合在一起以量化给定操作中的钢清洁度。由于成本，时间要求和采样困难，广泛采用总氧气，氮气吸收和其他间接方法来推断钢的清洁度。使用这些指标得出的最新清洁度值已在全球许多钢铁厂汇总了LCAK。其次，本文回顾了提高钢包，中间包和连铸机钢水清洁度的操作方法，强调了通过工厂测量量化的发现。夹杂物来自许多来源，包括脱氧，再氧化，夹渣，耐火材料磨损和化学反应。它们会在钢材中产生许多缺陷，例如裂缝和裂痕。在整个炼钢和铸造过程中，要注意广泛的重要操作条件，以控制钢的清洁度。对于钢包操作，讨论了炉渣中的FeO和MnO，钢包处理和夹杂物改性。对于中间包操作，中间包深度和容量，浇铸过渡，耐火衬里，中间包通量；讨论了气体搅拌和流量控制。总结了从钢包到中间包以及从中间包到模具的重要转移操作，例如氩气保护，密封问题和SEN堵塞。审查的连铸机操作包括连铸速度，流体流型控制，表面液位控制和连铸机曲率的影响。

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