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Chemicals Alternatives Assessment (CAA): Tools for Selecting Less Hazardous Chemicals

机译：化学品替代评估（CAA）：选择危害较小的化学品的工具

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Chemicals alternatives assessment (CAA) is a form of alternatives assessment that focuses on finding alternative chemicals, materials or product designs to substitute for the use of hazardous chemicals. Chemical hazard assessment (CHA) or comparative CHA is a method for comparing chemicals based on their inherent hazard properties. CAA is inclusive of CHA. However, a comprehensive CAA can be much broader and include information such as cost, availability, performance and social and environmental life-cycle attributes. CHA/CAA provides users with hazard-based information to make informed decisions when selecting less hazardous chemical alternatives. There are multiple CAA methods in use around the world and these methods share a common goal, namely, to support the intelligent design, use and substitution of chemicals to benefit humankind in a manner that will not harm our environment and its inhabitants. Ideally, a CAA/CHA will completely characterize a chemical's intrinsic human health and environmental hazards, in the process promoting the selection of less hazardous chemical ingredients, in addition to avoiding unintended consequences of switching to a poorly characterized chemical substitute. CHA methods typically share common hazard endpoints related to human toxicity, environmental toxicity and environmental fate. The endpoints are evaluated based on criteria that allow for the use of measured or predicted data. Human health criteria in CHA evaluate endpoints such as potential carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, reproductive and developmental toxicity, endocrine disruption, acute and chronic or repeat dose toxicity, dermal and eye irritation and dermal and respiratory sensitization. Acute and chronic aquatic toxicity, terrestrial toxicity, persistence and bioaccumulation are commonly evaluated to predict a chemical's environmental toxicity and fate. Finally, some CHAs (such as Green-Screen™) also evaluate a chemical's physical characteristics such as flammability and reactivity. Of the CAA methods listed, only the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)'s DfE program, CPA's GreenScreen™ and MBDC's Cradle to Cradle~® paradigms are fully transparent and publicly available methods of assessment. Most other CAAs in use around the world do not fully disclose all of their reasoning or resources used for establishing threshold values for hazard criteria, prioritization of hazard endpoints and life-cycle concerns. Some CAA methods are limited to a focus on CHA whereas others such as MBDC's Cradle to Cradle~® expand the focus to consider some life-cycle attributes. Whether the CAA method includes additional attributes or not, CHA can be used in a modular way, combining with other needed information to inform decision-making. CAA provides a powerful means to improve upon the status quo by establishing methods to inform chemical substitution in a scientifically rigorous and defensible manner. Recognizing the value of CAA and fostering greater adoption of CAA methods provide stakeholders with much-needed tools to address a serious deficiency in the way in which chemicals are used in society, as maintaining the status quo is analogous to giving up. As humankind's understanding of the full costs and benefits of chemicals matures, it is critical that we cease using those chemicals that can permanently impair human health or the environment.
机译：化学品替代评估（CAA）是替代评估的一种形式，其重点是寻找替代化学品，材料或产品设计来替代危险化学品的使用。化学危险性评估（CHA）或比较性CHA是一种根据其固有危险性对化学物质进行比较的方法。 CAA包含CHA。但是，全面的CAA可能更广泛，并且包括诸如成本，可用性，性能以及社会和环境生命周期属性之类的信息。 CHA / CAA为用户提供基于危害的信息，以便在选择危害较小的化学替代品时做出明智的决定。世界上有多种使用CAA的方法，这些方法有一个共同的目标，即以不损害我们的环境及其居民的方式支持智能设计，使用和替代化学物质，以造福全人类。理想情况下，CAA / CHA将完全表征某种化学物质对人类健康和环境的固有危害，在此过程中将促进选择危害性较小的化学成分，同时避免了转换为特征欠佳的化学替代品带来的意外后果。 CHA方法通常具有与人类毒性，环境毒性和环境命运有关的常见危害终点。根据允许使用测量或预测数据的标准评估端点。 CHA中的人类健康标准评估了各种终点，例如潜在的致癌性，致突变性，生殖和发育毒性，内分泌干扰，急性和慢性或重复剂量毒性，皮肤和眼睛刺激以及皮肤和呼吸道致敏作用。通常对急性和慢性水生毒性，陆地毒性，持久性和生物蓄积性进行评估，以预测化学品的环境毒性和命运。最后，一些CHA（例如Green-Screen™）还评估化学物质的物理特性，例如易燃性和反应性。在列出的CAA方法中，只有美国环境保护局（EPA）的DfE计划，CPA的GreenScreen™和MBDC的Cradle to Cradle〜®范例是完全透明的并且公开可用的评估方法。世界各地使用的大多数其他CAA并未完全披露其所有用于建立危险标准阈值，危险终点优先级和生命周期问题的推理或资源。一些CAA方法仅限于CHA，而其他方法（例如MBDC的Cradle to Cradle〜®）则将重点扩展到考虑某些生命周期属性。无论CAA方法是否包括其他属性，CHA都可以以模块化的方式使用，并与其他所需信息结合以进行决策。 CAA通过建立以科学严谨和可辩护的方式告知化学替代品的方法，为改善现状提供了强大的手段。认识到CAA的价值并促进CAA方法的广泛采用，为利益相关者提供了急需的工具，以解决化学物质在社会中的使用方式中的严重缺陷，因为维持现状类似于放弃。随着人类对化学品全部成本和收益的理解日趋成熟，至关重要的是，我们必须停止使用那些会永久损害人类健康或环境的化学品。

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