Bangkok proposes small increase in defence spending

Jon Grevatt

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Bangkok proposes small increase in defence spending

机译：曼谷提议增加国防开支

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Thailand's military government has proposed a 2017 defence budget of THB2W billion (USD6 billion): a nominal increase of 3% over military spending in 2016. The proposed budget represents around 1.5% of GDP and 8% of the total government expenditure during the year. While the defence spending proportion has remained relatively constant in recent years, the 2017 budget increase is the lowest since the government came to power following the military coup in May 2014.

机译：泰国军政府提出的2017年国防预算为20亿泰铢（合60亿美元）：比2016年的军费名义增长3％。拟议预算约占当年GDP的1.5％，占当年政府总支出的8％。虽然近年来国防支出比例保持相对稳定，但2017年预算增长是自2014年5月军事政变后政府执政以来的最低水平。

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《Jane's Defence Weekly》 |2016年第21期|17-17|共1页
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Jon Grevatt;
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7. Endothermy of dynastine scarab beetles (Cyclocephala colasi) associated with pollination biology of a thermogenic arum lily (Philodendron solimoesense) : Cyclocephala colasi beetles are facultative endotherms that spend most of their adult lives inside the inflorescences of Philodendron solimoesense, where ambient temperature (Ta) averages about 28°C due to floral thermogenesis. Measurements of respiration within a range of Ta showed that active beetles became spontaneously endothermic at Ta below 28°C but were rarely endothermic above it. There was no evidence of endothermy within the inflorescences, indicating that activities in the floral chamber can occur without the high energy expense of endothermy. Bouts of endothermy occurred at lower Ta in respirometer chambers mainly in the evening, when the insects normally fly from one inflorescence to another, and during the night, when they normally eat and mate within the inflorescence. Patterns of endothermy in individual episodes were studied in non-flying beetles with respirometry and infrared thermal imaging. Heat was generated in the thorax by oscillatory waves of respiration that were coupled with thoracic temperature (Tth) increases. Stationary beetles could regulate Tth at about 33°C independently of Ta between 16 and 29°C. At Ta20°C, this represents a 116-fold increase in metabolic rate over resting, ectothermic values. Endothermy was clearly a requirement for flight, and beetles departing inflorescences warmed to about 30°C before take-off. During flight, Tth was dependent on Ta, decreasing from 37 to 28°C at Ta of 37 to 20°C, respectively. The lowest Ta at which flight could occur was about 20°C. Thermal conductance of stationary, endothermic beetles increased at higher metabolic rates, probably because of increased ventilatory heat loss. [O] . Seymour, R.S., White, C.R., Gibernau, Marc 2009

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Bangkok proposes small increase in defence spending

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