Russia's defence industrial base is formed of a vast network of organisations, stretching from Vladivostok in the east to Kaliningrad in the west. It is made up of around 600 core companies and employs - indirectly and directly - an estimated 2.5-3 million people. Industries are almost always majority or entirely state-owned, with key industrial assets consolidated under monolithic holdings companies as a result of a government-led reform programme that commenced in 2002.
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