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首页> 外文期刊>Journal of African Earth Sciences >Past, present, and future mass extinctions
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Past, present, and future mass extinctions

机译：过去，现在和将来的灭绝

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摘要

Enigmatic catastrophic events, involving mass extinction of life forms, have been recorded several times in the Earth history. In many cases, the causes and mechanisms of these major and minor mass extinctions can be traced via the fossil record. A synthesis of the available information is herein made on the major catastrophic events through Earth history to understand the processes in the past and present with speculation into the future. The selective nature of major mass extinctions from the fossil record indicates the vanishing of specific taxa and the survival of others. The sudden extinction of organisms is almost accompanied by a gradual disappearance of other forms, thus excluding any single cause for the killing mechanism. Consequently, the multiple causes' scenario is the plausible mechanism responsible for the vanishing of biota through the history of the fossil record. On the other hand, the recovery of biota after mass extinctions is also an intriguing phenomenon, in which some groups had rapid recovery whereas others took a long time for a revival. Based on multiple pieces of evidence from Africa, the end Permian extinction and the extinction of some Quaternary megafauna may be related to severe drought. In addition, the current mass extinction is progressively underway; arising from multiple causes and mainly related to anthropogenic activities, widespread diseases, as well as the possibility of extraterrestrial impacts. Reevaluation of the magnitude of the extinction event is urgently needed to judge if these extinctions represent natural episodic fluctuation of the biodiversity curve or unexpected catastrophe. Analyses of invertebrate occurrence data revealed that taxa originated during stressful crises intervals have a wider geographic range size and lower extinction rates. Moreover, species durations, geographic range, and diversity are influencing each other. In addition, the ecological traits of a species may control their extinction pattern and recovery speed-limit. Furthermore, the wide geographical distribution provides potentially to survive mass extinctions. Therefore, narrower geographic-range taxa are facing higher extinction risk.
机译：在地球历史上已经多次记录了涉及生命形式的大规模灭绝的神秘灾难性事件。在许多情况下，这些主要和次要物种灭绝的原因和机制可以通过化石记录来追踪。本文通过地球历史对重大灾难事件进行了可用信息的综合，以了解过去和未来的过程。化石记录中主要生物灭绝的选择性性质表明，特定分类单元的消失和其他物种的生存。生物的突然灭绝几乎伴随着其他形式的逐渐消失，因此排除了造成杀伤机制的任何单一原因。因此，多种原因的场景是通过化石记录的历史来造成生物群消失的合理机制。另一方面，大灭绝后生物群的恢复也是一个令人着迷的现象，其中一些群体的恢复很快，而另一些群体的恢复则花费了很长时间。根据来自非洲的多条证据，二叠纪的灭绝和某些第四纪大型动物的灭绝可能与严重干旱有关。另外，目前的灭绝正在逐步进行。由多种原因引起，主要与人为活动，广泛的疾病以及地外影响有关。迫切需要对灭绝事件的强度进行重新评估，以判断这些灭绝是否代表生物多样性曲线的自然周期性波动或突发性灾难。对无脊椎动物发生数据的分析表明，在压力危机间隔期间起源的分类单元具有较大的地理范围大小和较低的灭绝率。此外，物种的持续时间，地理范围和多样性也相互影响。此外，一个物种的生态特征可能会控制其灭绝模式和恢复速度极限。此外，广泛的地理分布为大规模灭绝提供了可能。因此，较窄的地理分类单元面临着更大的灭绝风险。

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