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首页> 外文期刊>Journal of Archaeological Research >The Pig and the Chicken in the Middle East: Modeling Human Subsistence Behavior in the Archaeological Record Using Historical and Animal Husbandry Data
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The Pig and the Chicken in the Middle East: Modeling Human Subsistence Behavior in the Archaeological Record Using Historical and Animal Husbandry Data

机译：中东的猪和鸡：使用历史和畜牧业数据对考古记录中的人类生存行为进行建模

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The role of the pig in the subsistence system of the Middle East has a long and, in some cases, poorly understood history. It is a common domesticated animal in earlier archaeological sites throughout the Middle East. Sometime in the first millennium, BC pig use declined, and subsequently it became prohibited in large areas of the Middle East. The pig is an excellent source of protein, but because of low mobility and high water needs, it is difficult to move long distances. While common in sites, the pig is rarely mentioned in texts. In contrast, the use of cattle, sheep, and goats is extensively documented. In the human subsistence system of the arid and semiarid areas of the Middle East, the pig was a household-based protein resource that was not of interest to the central authority. Sometime in the late second or first millennium BC, the chicken was introduced into the Middle East. The chicken is an even more ideal household-based protein resource and, like the pig, is rarely mentioned in texts. In arid and semiarid areas of the Middle East, the pig and the chicken compete for food and labor in the human subsistence system. I hypothesize that in arid and semiarid areas of the Middle East, the chicken largely replaced the pig because the chicken is a more efficient source of protein, it produces a secondary product, the egg, and it is a smaller package; hence, a family can consume one in a day or two. This made the pig redundant and available for use in other human systems. The pig, however, never disappeared from the diet of humans in the Middle East.
机译：猪在中东生计系统中的作用由来已久，在某些情况下还不清楚。它是整个中东早期考古遗址中的常见驯养动物。在第一个千年的某个时候，不列颠哥伦比亚省的猪只使用量减少了，随后在中东大片地区被禁止。猪是很好的蛋白质来源，但由于移动性低和需水量高，很难长距离移动。虽然在现场很常见，但文本中很少提及猪。相反，广泛记录了牛，绵羊和山羊的使用。在中东干旱和半干旱地区的人类生存系统中，猪是一种基于家庭的蛋白质资源，中央政府对此并不感兴趣。在公元前第二个或第一个千年的某个时候，这只鸡被引入中东。鸡肉是一种更加理想的家庭蛋白质资源，与猪一样，在文本中也很少提及。在中东的干旱和半干旱地区，猪和鸡在人类生存系统中争夺食物和劳力。我假设在中东的干旱和半干旱地区，鸡肉在很大程度上代替了猪，因为鸡肉是蛋白质的更有效来源，它生产的是副产品鸡蛋，而且包装较小。因此，一个家庭一天或两天可以消费一次。这使猪变得多余，可以在其他人类系统中使用。但是，这头猪从未从中东的人类饮食中消失。

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