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The Archaeology of South Asian Cities

机译：南亚城市考古学

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摘要

Urbanism in the Indian subcontinent occurred in three distinct time periods in which cultural cohesion over large regions is archaeologically demonstrated through the architecture and artifacts of social, ritual, and economic activity. In the Indus (2500–1900 B.C.) and Early Historic (3rd century B.C. to 4th century A.D.) periods, cities were not necessarily tied to political territories or guided by strong political leaders, but by the Medieval period (after the 9th century A.D.), urban zones were the base for political growth, warfare, and aggrandizement. The comparison of these three eras is undertaken within a framework for defining cities that balances quantitative criteria such as population size and areal extent with two types of qualitative criteria: internal specialization on the basis of materials found within archaeological sites, and external specialization on the basis of data recovered through regional analysis. Cities from the three eras also are evaluated from the perspective of the ordinary inhabitant through the examination of the social, religious, and economic factors that prompted and rewarded urban residence. While the Indus and Early Historic cities were attractive because of the networks of opportunity found there, Medieval cities additionally benefitted from a “push” factor as ordinary inhabitants allied themselves to urban areas in times of political stress and uncertainty.
机译：印度次大陆的城市化发生在三个不同的时期，其中考古学通过社会，仪式和经济活动的结构和人工制品在大范围内展示了文化凝聚力。在印度河（公元前2500年至1900年）和早期历史（公元前3世纪至公元4世纪）时期，城市不一定与政治领土联系在一起或在强大的政治领导人的指导下，而是中世纪时期（公元9世纪以后） ，城市地区是政治增长，战争和壮大的基础。这三个时代的比较是在一个定义城市的框架内进行的，该城市平衡了人口数量和面积等定量标准与两种定性标准之间的平衡：基于考古遗址内发现的材料的内部专业化，以及基于考古现场发现的材料的内部专业化通过区域分析恢复的数据。还通过考察促使和奖励城市居住的社会，宗教和经济因素，从普通居民的角度对三个时代的城市进行了评估。虽然印度河和早期历史悠久的城市因那里的机会网络而吸引人，但中世纪的城市还从“推动”因素中受益，因为在政治压力和不确定性时期，普通居民与城市地区结盟。

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