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Cost Analysis of Annual and Monthly Net Zero Energy Performance for Multifamily Buildings in the United States

机译：美国多型建筑年产量净零能源绩效成本分析

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摘要

As the United States continues its progress toward sustainable construction, net zero building design is becoming an increasingly important and popular topic. Two definitions of net zero energy performance, monthly and annual, provide different levels of energy autonomy and efficiency within a building. This article analyzes the viability and incremental cost for two-, three-, and four-story multifamily apartment buildings to reach both annual and monthly net zero energy performance throughout four climate zones in the United States using baseline reference buildings that represent current construction practices. Building size plays a large role in determining the capability for a building model to reach annual or monthly net zero. Two-story buildings are capable of reaching annual net zero with an increase in construction cost of about 4.4-5.6%. Three-story buildings in warmer climates can achieve annual net zero with an increase of about 5.1%, but models in colder climates cannot reach annual net zero performance. Four-story buildings cannot achieve net zero, owing to insufficient building area for solar arrays to produce electricity. Monthly net zero energy performance was significantly harder to achieve, with the only case reaching this goal being the two-story Houston based model, at an added cost of 8.2%. Generally speaking, only small buildings in warm climates will be able to achieve monthly net zero without vastly oversizing photovoltaic systems and increasing costs without adequate payback.
机译：随着美国继续实现可持续建设的进展，净零建筑设计正成为越来越重要和流行的话题。净零能量性能，每月和年度的两个定义提供了不同的能源自主权和建筑物内的效率。本文分析了两层，三层和四层和四层多年式公寓楼的可行性和增量成本，在美国的四个气候区使用基线参考建筑物在美国的四个气候区达到年度和每月净零能量性能。建筑大小在确定建筑模型达到年度或每月净零的能力方面发挥着重要作用。两层楼的建筑能够达到年度净零，施工成本增加约4.4-5.6％。较温暖的气候中的三层建筑可以达到年度净零，增加约5.1％，但较冷的气候模型无法达到年度净零性。由于太阳阵列的建筑面积不足，四层建筑物无法实现净零。每月净零能量性能明显难以实现，唯一达到这一目标的唯一案例是基于两层休斯顿的模型，额外的成本为8.2％。一般来说，只有温暖气候的小建筑物将能够在没有大大超大光伏系统的情况下达到每月净零，而没有充分回报的成本。

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  • 来源
    《Journal of Architectural Engineering》 |2021年第2期|04021003.1-04021003.17|共17页
  • 作者

    Adam R. McKittrick; Gregor P. Henze;

  • 作者单位

    Dept. of Civil Environmental and Architectural Engineering Univ. of Colorado UCB 428 Boulder CO 80309-0428;

    Dept. of Civil Environmental and Architectural Engineering Univ. of Colorado UCB 428 Boulder CO 80309-0428 National Renewable Energy Laboratory 15013 Denver West Parkway Golden CO 80401 Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute UCB 027 Boulder CO 80309-0027;

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