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首页> 外文期刊>Journal of Chemical Ecology >Trade-offs in Antiherbivore Defenses in Piper cenocladum: Ant Mutualists Versus Plant Secondary Metabolites
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Trade-offs in Antiherbivore Defenses in Piper cenocladum: Ant Mutualists Versus Plant Secondary Metabolites

机译：权衡Piper cenocladum中的抗草食动物的防御：蚂蚁互惠生对植物次生代谢产物。

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Ant–plant mutualisms may provide indirect evidence for costs of antiherbivore defenses when plants demonstrate trade-offs between allocating resources and energy into ant attractants versus chemical defenses. We tested the hypothesis that ecological trade-offs in defenses are present in Piper cenocladum. This plant possesses two distinct defenses: food bodies that attract predatory ants that destory herbivore eggs and amides that deter herbivores. Previous studies have demonstrated that the food bodies in P. cenocladum are an effective defense because the ants deter herbivory by specialist herbivores. Amides in other Piper species have been shown to have toxic qualities, but we tested the additional hypothesis that these amides have an actual defensive function in P. cenocladum. To test for ecological trade-offs between the two putative defenses, fragments of P. cenocladum were examined for the presence of amides both when the plant was producing food bodies and when it was not producing food bodies. Plants with active ant colonies had redundant defenses, producing food bodies and high levels of amides at the same time, but we detected a trade-off in that they had significantly lower levels of amides than did plants with no ants. To test for the defensive value of P. cenocladum amides, we used an ant bioassay and we examined herbivory results from previous experiments with plants that had variable levels of amides. These tests demonstrated that amides are deterrent to omnivorous ants, leaf cutting ants, and orthopterans. In contrast, the resident Pheidole bicornis ants are effective at deterring herbivory by specialist herbivores that oviposit eggs on the plant but not at deterring herbivory by nonresident omnivores. We concluded that although both amides and food body production appear to be costly, redundancy in defenses is necessary to avoid damage by a complex suit of herbivores.
机译：当植物表现出在分配给蚂蚁引诱剂的资源和能量与化学防御之间进行权衡时，蚂蚁与植物之间的共生关系可能为抗草食动物防御的成本提供间接证据。我们检验了在Piper cenocladum中存在防御中的生态权衡的假设。这种植物具有两种独特的防御作用：可以吸引捕食草食性蛋的掠食性蚂蚁的食物体和阻止草食性动物的酰胺。先前的研究表明，披头草的食物体是一种有效的防御方法，因为蚂蚁可以阻止食草动物的食草。已显示其他Piper物种中的酰胺具有毒性，但我们检验了其他假设，即这些酰胺在cencenladladum中具有实际的防御功能。为了测试两个假定防御之间的生态平衡，在植物生产食物体时和不生产食物体时，都检查了百日草片段中是否存在酰胺。具有活跃蚂蚁集落的植物具有多余的防御能力，可同时产生食物体和高水平的酰胺，但是我们发现了一个折衷方案，即与没有蚂蚁的植物相比，它们的酰胺水平明显较低。为了测试百日咳痤疮丙酸杆菌酰胺的防御价值，我们使用了蚂蚁生物测定法，并且检查了先前实验对具有可变酰胺水平的植物的食草结果。这些测试表明，酰胺对杂食性蚂蚁，切叶蚂蚁和直翅类昆虫具有抑制作用。相比之下，常住双酚类的蚂蚁可有效阻止卵生在植物上的特种食草动物的食草性，但不能有效地阻止非常食杂食动物的食草性。我们得出的结论是，尽管酰胺和食物的生产成本都很高，但为了避免受到复杂的草食动物的损害，必须在防御系统中进行冗余处理。

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