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首页> 外文期刊>Journal of Earthquake Engineering >CENTRIFUGE RESEARCH OF COUNTERMEASURES TO PROTECT PILE FOUNDATIONS AGAINST LIQUEFACTION-INDUCED LATERAL SPREADING
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CENTRIFUGE RESEARCH OF COUNTERMEASURES TO PROTECT PILE FOUNDATIONS AGAINST LIQUEFACTION-INDUCED LATERAL SPREADING

机译：防止液化横向扩展的桩基保护措施的离心研究

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Repeated experience of foundation and superstructural damage during earthquakes associated with ground failure and liquefaction, have shown the importance of lateral spreading and especially of the presence of a shallow nonliquefiable soil layer as a cause of damage. Typically such strong nonliquefiable layer or crust, riding on the liquefiable soil where the lateral spread actually occurs, pushes laterally against the piles and pile cap, inducing large lateral forces, deformations and bending in the foundation. The effects depend on the free field deformation, characteristics of the nonliquefiable layer and foundation, and characteristics of the superstructure. For an existing pile foundation, the first step is to verify if the pile foundation has enough stiffness and strength to resist the soil lateral forces, and especially the passive thrust applied by the nonliquefiable layer, with acceptable foundation displacement and rotation and no damage to the foundation elements, in which case no countermeasures are needed. If this evaluation concludes that the foundation does not possess the required stiffness and strength to prevent distress, three mitigation strategies are often used: (ⅰ) Remediation countermea-sure of the liquefiable soil at the site to prevent the free field liquefaction and lateral spreading from occurring in the first place; (ⅱ) retrofitting of the foundation by reinforcing it, for example by adding piles or strengthening the existing piles; and (ⅲ) isolation of the foundation, and especially of the pile cap, from the nonliquefiable layer in the free field by a retrofitting countermeasure where a "soft fuse" such as a soft soil or other material or device are installed at shallow depths near the foundation, hence limiting the lateral force applied to the piles and pile cap to a low value which minimises the deformation and bending of the foundation. The paper discusses these countermeasure strategies through several series of centrifuge model tests of single piles and pile groups conducted with the participation of the authors at the RPI geotechnical centrifuge.
机译：在与地面破坏和液化有关的地震中，基础和上层建筑破坏的反复经验表明，横向扩散的重要性，尤其是存在浅层不可液化土层作为破坏原因的重要性。通常，这种坚硬的不可液化层或硬壳骑在实际发生侧向扩展的可液化土壤上，将其侧向推向桩和桩帽，从而在基础上产生较大的侧向力，变形和弯曲。影响取决于自由场变形，不可液化层和基础的特性以及上部结构的特性。对于现有的桩基础，第一步是验证桩基础是否具有足够的刚度和强度以抵抗土壤侧向力，特别是不可液化层施加的被动推力，且地基位移和旋转均可接受，且对桩基无损坏基础要素，在这种情况下，无需采取任何对策。如果该评估得出的结论是地基不具备防止遇险所需的刚度和强度，则通常采用三种缓解策略：（ⅰ）现场对可液化土壤的补救措施，以防止自由液化和横向扩散。首先发生（ⅱ）加固基础，例如增加桩子或加固现有桩子，以进行改造； （ⅲ）通过改造措施将地基，特别是桩帽与自由场中的不可液化层隔离开来，在该措施中，应将“软熔丝”（例如软土或其他材料或装置）安装在附近较浅的深度处因此，将施加到桩和桩帽上的侧向力限制在一个较低的值，这样可以最大程度地减小基础的变形和弯曲。本文通过在RPI岩土离心机作者的参与下进行的一系列单桩和桩组离心机模型测试系列讨论了这些对策策略。

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