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The agricultural basis of comparative development

机译：比较发展的农业基础

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This article shows, in a two-sector Malthusian model of endogenous population growth, that output per capita, population density, and industrialization depend upon the labor intensity of agricultural production. Because the diminishing returns to labor are less pronounced, high labor intensity (as in rice production) leads not only to a larger population density but also to lower output per capita and a larger share of labor in agriculture. Agronomic and historical evidence confirm that there are distinct, inherent differences between rice and wheat production. A calibration of the model shows that a relatively small difference in labor intensity in agriculture can account for a large portion of the observed differences in industrialization, output per capita, and labor productivity between Asia and Europe prior to the Industrial Revolution. Significantly, these differences can be explained even though sector-level total factor productivity levels and the efficiency of factor markets are held constant in the two regions.
机译：本文在马尔萨斯的两部门内生人口增长模型中显示，人均产出，人口密度和工业化取决于农业生产的劳动强度。由于劳动报酬递减不那么明显，因此高劳动强度（如水稻生产中的劳动强度高）不仅导致人口密度增加，而且导致人均产出降低和农业劳动份额增加。农艺和历史证据证实，稻米和小麦生产之间存在明显的内在差异。对模型的校准表明，在工业革命之前，亚洲和欧洲之间在农业劳动强度上相对较小的差异可以解释所观察到的大部分工业化，人均产出和劳动生产率差异。值得注意的是，即使两个地区的部门级全要素生产率水平和要素市场效率保持不变，也可以解释这些差异。

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