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Pollution haven or porter? The impact of environmental regulation on location choices of pollution-intensive firms in China

机译：污染天堂还是搬运工？

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摘要

Using firm establishment-level data combined with provincial socio-economic characteristic panel data in China for the period of 2011-2015, this study seeks to empirically examine the impact of environmental regulation on location choices of polluting firms. The results of the conditional logit model provide compelling evidence that environmental regulations do affect the location choice of firms in polluting industries. Instead of supporting the pollution haven effect, our results consistently confirm the Porter effect at the country level. This result is robust when taking endogeneity problem into account, adopting various model specifications and estimation strategies, using alternative measurements of environmental regulation and location choices, and subsampling excluding international political events. However, the results also show divergent effect of environmental regulation on location choices for heterogeneous firms. Specifically, polluting firms in eastern region prefer to invest in provinces with stringent environmental policies but those in other regions, especially in northeastern region, choose to locate in provinces with lax environmental regulation. While water-dependent polluting firms with a low level of footlooseness are more likely to enter locations with loose environmental regulation, air pollution-intensive firms tend to locate in provinces with tight environmental legislation. These results have policy implications for transitional China as well as other developing countries with similar experience.
机译：本研究使用2011-2015年期间中国企业的建立水平数据与省级社会经济特征面板数据相结合的方法，旨在通过实证研究环境法规对污染企业选址的影响。条件logit模型的结果提供了令人信服的证据，表明环境法规确实会影响污染行业中企业的选址。我们的结果没有支持污染避风港效应，而是一贯地在国家一级确认了波特效应。当考虑到内生性问题，采用各种模型规格和估算策略，使用环境法规和位置选择的替代度量以及不包括国际政治事件的二次抽样时，此结果是可靠的。但是，结果也表明，环境法规对异类公司的选址有不同的影响。具体而言，东部地区的污染企业倾向于在环境政策严格的省份进行投资，而其他地区（尤其是东北地区）的企业则选择在环境法规不严格的省份进行投资。虽然水松程度较低的水污染企业更容易进入环境法规宽松的地区，但空气污染密集型企业倾向于在环境法规严格的省份开展业务。这些结果对转型中的中国以及具有类似经验的其他发展中国家具有政策意义。

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