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首页> 外文期刊>Journal of Environmental Management >Development of a risk-based index for source water protection planning, which supports the reduction of pathogens from agricultural activity entering water resources
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Development of a risk-based index for source water protection planning, which supports the reduction of pathogens from agricultural activity entering water resources

机译：制定基于风险的水源保护计划指数，以减少农业活动进入水资源中的病原体

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Source water protection planning (SWPP) is an approach to prevent contamination of ground and surface water in watersheds where these resources may be abstracted for drinking or used for recreation. For SWPP the hazards within a watershed that could contribute to water contamination are identified together with the pathways that link them to the water resource. In rural areas, farms are significant potential sources of pathogens. A risk-based index can be used to support the assessment of the potential for contamination following guidelines on safety and operational efficacy of processes and practices developed as beneficial approaches to agricultural land management. Evaluation of the health risk for a target population requires knowledge of the strength of the hazard with respect to the pathogen load (mass x concentration). Manure handling and on-site wastewater treatment systems form the most important hazards, and both can comprise confined and unconfined source elements. There is also a need to understand the modification of pathogen numbers (attenuation) together with characteristics of the established pathways (surface or subsurface), which allow the movement of the contaminant species from a source to a receptor (water source). Many practices for manure management have not been fully evaluated for their impact on pathogen survival and transport in the environment. A key component is the identification of potential pathways of contaminant transport. This requires the development of a suitable digital elevation model of the watershed for surface movement and information on local groundwater aquifer systems for subsurface flows. Both require detailed soils and geological information. The pathways to surface and groundwater resources can then be identified. Details of land management, farm management practices (including animal and manure management) and agronomic practices have to be obtained, possibly from questionnaires completed by each producer within the watershed. To confirm that potential pathways are active requires some microbial source tracking. One possibility is to identify the molecular types of Escherichia coli present in each hazard on a farm. An essential part of any such index is the identification of mitigation strategies and practices that can reduce the magnitude of the hazard or block open pathways.
机译：水源水保护计划（SWPP）是一种防止流域中的地下水和地表水受到污染的方法，在这些流域中，这些资源可被提取用于饮用或用于娱乐。对于SWPP，将识别可能导致水污染的流域内的危害以及将其与水资源联系起来的途径。在农村地区，农场是潜在的病原体重要来源。可以使用基于风险的指数来支持对污染潜力的评估，这些评估应遵循作为农业土地管理的有益方法而制定的过程和实践的安全性和有效性指南。要评估目标人群的健康风险，需要了解有关病原体负荷（质量x浓度）的危害强度。粪便处理和现场废水处理系统是最重要的危害，两者都可能包含受限和不受限的源元素。还需要了解病原体数量的改变（衰减）以及已建立路径（表面或地下）的特征，这些特征允许污染物从源头转移到受体（水源）。对于粪便管理的许多实践对病原体存活和在环境中运输的影响，尚未得到充分评估。一个关键组成部分是确定污染物运输的潜在途径。这就需要开发一个合适的流域数字高程模型来进行地表运动，并开发有关地下地下水的地下含水层系统信息。两者都需要详细的土壤和地质信息。然后可以确定地表和地下水资源的途径。必须从流域内每个生产者填写的调查表中获得土地管理，农场管理实践（包括动物和粪便管理）和农艺实践的详细信息。为了确认潜在的途径是活跃的，需要一定的微生物来源追踪。一种可能性是鉴定农场中每种危害中存在的大肠杆菌的分子类型。任何此类索引的重要部分是确定可以减少危害程度或阻止开放途径的缓解策略和实践。

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