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首页> 外文期刊>Journal of Environmental Management >The lag daemon: Hysteresis in rebuilding landscapes and implications for biodiversity futures
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The lag daemon: Hysteresis in rebuilding landscapes and implications for biodiversity futures

机译：滞后守护程序：重建景观中的滞后现象及其对生物多样性未来的影响

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Many native bird species in production landscapes of south-eastern Australia demonstrably are declining, with loss of native vegetation as the major cause. Our biodiversity management objectives must be to increase the probabilities of persistence of birds that should occur in the landscape. To do so, there needs to be extensive amounts of new plantings. However, one must be conscious that: (1) new plantings in the impoverished soils and increasing aridity of southern Australia will take many decades to mature, and, also, will offer suitable habitats for a sequence of different species over the course of that maturation process; and (2) much existing vegetation is senescent or will be in a few decades' time. Recent landscape rebuilding models do not explicitly consider maturation time-lags. These hystereses in habitat maturation may create 'bottlenecks" at future times (e.g. in 50 yr) that might prevent some species from persisting in whole landscapes even though such landscapes may be much more suitable in 100yr than now. There are several critical issues: (1) species differ in habitat needs and even one species may require different kinds of habitats for foraging and for breeding; (2) landscapes must be conceived, and managed, as spatial and temporal mosaics to allow for persistence of the full set of species that should occupy them, meaning that senescing and replanted habitats may need to be juxtaposed; and (3) in certain particularly problematic landscapes, some highly productive agricultural lands may need to be used for providing habitat because maturation can be fast-tracked in fertile, well-watered locations. The problem is a complex one of scheduling and placement, and its optimization presents major theoretical and analytical challenges.
机译：澳大利亚东南部生产景观中的许多本地鸟类物种明显减少，其中原生植被的丧失是主要原因。我们的生物多样性管理目标必须是增加景观中鸟类生存的可能性。为此，需要大量的新种植。但是，必须意识到：（1）在贫穷的土壤和不断增长的南澳大利亚州干旱地区种植新植物将需要数十年的时间才能成熟，并且还将在成熟过程中为一系列不同物种提供合适的栖息地。处理; （2）现有的许多植被正在衰落或将在几十年后衰落。最近的景观重建模型没有明确考虑成熟时滞。这些在栖息地成熟中的歇斯底里的动物在将来的时间（例如50年）可能会造成“瓶颈”，这可能会阻止某些物种在整个景观中持续存在，尽管这种景观可能比现在更适合100年。存在几个关键问题： 1）物种对栖息地的需求不同，甚至一个物种可能也需要不同种类的栖息地进行觅食和繁殖；（2）必须将景观作为空间和时间的镶嵌图进行管理，以允许存在以下所有物种的持久性：应该占据它们，这意味着可能需要并置感官和重新种植的栖息地；并且（3）在某些特别有问题的景观中，可能需要使用一些高产的农业土地来提供栖息地，因为成熟可以在肥沃的浇水的位置：问题是调度和安置的复杂问题，其优化带来了重大的理论和分析挑战。

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