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首页> 外文期刊>Journal of Environmental Management >Scientific research, stakeholders, and policy: Continuing dialogue during research on radionuclides on Amchitka Island, Alaska
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Scientific research, stakeholders, and policy: Continuing dialogue during research on radionuclides on Amchitka Island, Alaska

机译：科学研究，利益相关者和政策：阿拉斯加安奇特卡岛放射性核素研究期间的持续对话

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It is increasingly clear that a wide range of stakeholders should be included in the problem formulation phase of research aimed at solving environmental problems; indeed the inclusion of stakeholders at this stage has been formalized as an integral part of ecological risk assessment. In this paper, we advocate the additional inclusion of stakeholders in the refinement of research methods and protocols and in the execution of the research, rather than just at the final communication and reporting phase. We use a large study of potential radionuclide levels in marine biota around Amchitka Island as a case study. Amchitka Island, in the Aleutian Island Chain of Alaska, was the site of three underground nuclear tests (1965-1971). The overall objective of the biological component of the study was to collect a range of marine biota for radionuclide analysis that could provide data for assessing current food safety and provide a baseline for developing a plan to monitor human and ecosystem health in perpetuity. Stakeholders, including regulators (State of Alaska), resource trustees (US Fish and Wildlife Service, State of Alaska), representatives of the Aleut and Pribilof Island communities, the Department of Energy (DOE), and others, were essential for plan development. While these stakeholders were included in the initial problem formulation and approved science plan, we also included them in the refinement of protocols, selection of bioindicators, selection of a reference site, choice of methods of collection, and in the execution of the study itself. Meetings with stakeholders resulted in adding (or deleting) bioindicator species and tissues, prioritizing target species, refining sampling methods, and recruiting collection personnel. Some species were added because they were important subsistence foods for the Aleuts, and others were added because they were ecological equivalents to replace species deleted because of low population numbers. Two major refinements that changed the research thrust were (1) the inclusion of Aleut hunters and fishers on the biological expedition itself to ensure that subsistence foods and methods were represented, and (2) the addition of a fisheries biologist on a NOAA research trawler to allow sampling of commercial fishes. Although the original research design called for the collection of biota by Aleut subsistence fishermen, and by a commercial fishing boat, the research was modified with continued stakeholder input to actually include Aleuts and a fisheries biologist on the expeditions to ensure their representation. The inclusion of stakeholders during the development of protocols and the research itself improved the overall quality of the investigation, while making it more relevant to the interested and affected parties. Final responsibility for the design andrnexecution of the research and radionuclide analysis rested with the researchers, but the process of stakeholder inclusion made the research more valuable as a source of credible information and for public policy decisions.
机译：越来越明显的是，在旨在解决环境问题的研究的问题提出阶段应包括广泛的利益相关者；实际上，在这一阶段将利益相关者的纳入已正式确定为生态风险评估的组成部分。在本文中，我们提倡在研究方法和协议的完善以及研究的执行中包括利益相关者，而不仅仅是在最终的沟通和报告阶段。我们将对Amchitka岛周围海洋生物群中潜在的放射性核素水平进行大量研究，以作为案例研究。阿拉斯加阿留申岛链中的安奇卡岛是三个地下核试验场（1965年至1971年）。该研究的生物学组成部分的总体目标是收集一系列用于放射性核素分析的海洋生物区系，这些生物区系可以提供评估当前食品安全的数据，并为制定计划以永久监控人类和生态系统健康提供基准。利益相关者，包括监管机构（阿拉斯加州），资源受托人（美国鱼类和野生动物服务局，阿拉斯加州），Aleut和Pribilof岛社区的代表，能源部（DOE）以及其他人士，对于计划制定至关重要。这些利益相关者被包括在最初的问题制定和批准的科学计划中，我们也将它们包括在方案的完善，生物指示剂的选择，参考地点的选择，收集方法的选择以及研究本身的执行中。与利益相关者的会议导致增加（或删除）生物指示剂物种和组织，确定目标物种的优先级，完善采样方法并招募收集人员。添加了一些物种，因为它们是A虫的重要生存食物，而添加了其他物种，因为它们是生态等效物，以替代由于种群数量少而删除的物种。改变研究方向的两个主要改进是（1）将Aleut猎人和渔民包括在生物考察活动中，以确保代表生存食品和方法，以及（2）在NOAA研究拖网渔船上增加一名渔业生物学家，允许取样商业鱼类。尽管最初的研究设计要求由Aleut自给渔民和商业渔船来收集生物群，但在利益相关者的不断投入下，对研究进行了修改，实际上包括了Aleuts和该考察的一名渔业生物学家，以确保他们的代表。在协议的制定过程中以及研究本身的过程中，利益相关者的参与提高了调查的总体质量，同时使其与感兴趣和受影响的各方更加相关。研究人员的设计和执行以及放射性核素分析的最终责任在于研究人员，但是利益相关者的包容过程使该研究作为可靠信息的来源和公共政策决策更具价值。

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