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Study of urban population attitudes towards various wastewater reuse options: Israel as a case study

机译：研究城市人口对各种废水回用方案的态度：以以色列为例

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摘要

This paper summarizes the findings of a survey (256 participants) conducted to determine the attitude of the Israeli urban public towards various urban water reuse options. Israel is known for its long and successful agricultural water reuse scheme, but to date no large-scale urban reuse projects have been implemented. The survey included 21 reuse options, which were clustered into three reuse categories, namely: low, medium, and high contact levels. Results show that a high proportion of the participants supported medium contact reuse options such as sidewalk landscaping (95%), domestic WC flushing (85%) and firefighting (96%). Higher contact reuse options such as domestic laundry (38%), preserved food (13%), and potable aquifer recharge (11%) found much lesser support. Less than expected support was found for low contact reuse options with 86% for field crop irrigation, 62% for aquifer recharge for agricultural irrigation, and as low as 49% for orchard irrigation. This low support is surprising, since all three options have been practiced on a large scale for over three decades in Israel without any adverse effects to the public. No correlation was found between any biographical characteristic examined (education, gender, income, marital status, having young children, and age) and support for medium contact options. For the medium contact options, the results suggest that perceived financial gain (individual and/or communal) and positive public opinion enhances support, while perceived health effects negatively affects the degree of support. Technology, trust in authorities and awareness of water and environmental issues were found to not have a significant effect on support for medium contact reuse options. Analyzing the four possible reasons for support given by participants who identified themselves as supporters of wastewater reuse revealed that the most important reason for support was "water saving", followed by "minimization of importing water from abroad". These were followed by "infrastructure cost saving" together with "environmental improvement". (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
机译：本文总结了一项调查（256名参与者）的调查结果，该调查旨在确定以色列城市公众对各种城市水回用方案的态度。以色列以长期成功的农业中水计划而闻名，但迄今为止，尚未实施大规模的城市中水利用项目。该调查包括21个重用选项，这些选项分为三个重用类别，即：低，中和高联系级别。结果表明，很大比例的参与者支持人行道美化（95％），家用厕所冲洗（85％）和消防（96％）等中等接触性再利用选择。较高的联系可重复使用选项，例如家庭洗衣（38％），腌制食品（13％）和饮用水蓄水层补给（11％），其支持要少得多。低接触回用方案的支持率低于预期，其中大田作物灌溉为86％，农业灌溉含水层补给为62％，果园灌溉低至49％。如此低的支持率是令人惊讶的，因为这三个选项在以色列已经大规模实施了三十多年，而对公众没有任何不利影响。在所检查的任何传记特征（教育，性别，收入，婚姻状况，有小孩和年龄）与中等接触选项的支持之间未发现相关性。对于中等接触选项，结果表明感知的经济收益（个人和/或社区）和积极的舆论会增强支持，而感知的健康影响会对支持程度产生负面影响。人们发现技术，对当局的信任以及对水和环境问题的认识对支持中型接触器再利用选项的影响不大。分析表明自己是废水回用支持者的参与者提供支持的四个可能原因表明，支持的最重要原因是“节水”，其次是“尽量减少从国外进口水”。其次是“节省基础设施成本”和“改善环境”。 （c）2006 Elsevier Ltd.保留所有权利。

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