Geostatistical spatiotemporal analysis of air temperature as an aid to delineating thermal stability zones in a potential show cave: Implications for environmental management

Fernandez-Cortes A; Calaforra JM; Jimenez-Espinosa R; Sanchez-Martos F

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Geostatistical spatiotemporal analysis of air temperature as an aid to delineating thermal stability zones in a potential show cave: Implications for environmental management

机译：气温的地统计时空分析，以帮助划定潜在的热稳定性区显示洞穴：对环境管理的影响

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Air temperature in several galleries of the Covadura System (Sorbas Gypsum Karst, Almeria) was measured at monthly intervals over a period of I year. The spatial temperature distribution for each month was modeled in a geostatistical framework. The mean trend of the air temperature and the difference between each experimental temperature measurement and this trend were calculated over space and time. Both the trend and residual component were characterized using a geostatistical space-time model. A large spatial trend of the air temperature was found due to the orientation of galleries within the cave system and as a function of the distance from the main cave entrance. Kriging was used for the spatial estimation of the time covariance of the residuals. This enabled the delimitation of the cave into three zones of varying environmental risk in the event of being opened to visits by the public, according to the degree of stability of air temperature over space and time. The influence of human presence on the spatial temperature distribution was assessed using data collected during a year (2000/2001) in pilot galleries opened to the public. An average visit corresponding to August was selected comprising 16 people over a period of 53 min. This average visit influenced the spatial temperature pattern at distances of more than 90 m from the cave entrance, according to the geostatistical model adopted. Within this zone the mean thermal increment generated by human presence was estimated to be 0.26 degrees C. The spatiotemporal mathematical model of the cave air temperature has been revealed as a useful tool for the environmental management of show caves. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

机译：在一年的时间内，每月间隔一次，对Covadura系统（Sorbas Gypsum Karst，阿尔梅里亚）的几个画廊的空气温度进行测量。每个月的空间温度分布在地统计框架中建模。随时间和空间计算出气温的平均趋势以及每次实验测得的温度之间的差异。趋势分量和残差分量均使用地统计时空模型进行了特征描述。由于洞穴系统内画廊的方向以及与洞穴主要入口的距离的函数关系，发现了气温的大空间趋势。克里金法用于残差的时间协方差的空间估计。根据空气在空间和时间上的稳定程度，在允许公众参观时，可以将洞穴划分为三个具有不同环境风险的区域。使用一年（2000/2001年）在向公众开放的试点画廊中收集的数据，评估了人类存在对空间温度分布的影响。在53分钟的时间内，选择了与8月份相对应的平均访问量，其中包括16人。根据所采用的地统计学模型，平均访问次数影响了距洞穴入口90 m以上的空间温度模式。在该区域内，人类存在所产生的平均热量增量估计为0.26摄氏度。洞穴空气温度的时空数学模型已被揭示为展示洞穴的环境管理的有用工具。（c）2006 Elsevier Ltd.保留所有权利。

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来源
《Journal of Environmental Management》 |2006年第4期|p. 371-383|共13页
作者
Fernandez-Cortes A; Calaforra JM; Jimenez-Espinosa R; Sanchez-Martos F;
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作者单位

Univ Almeria, Dept Hydrogeol & Analyt Chem, Almeria 04120, Spain;

Univ Jaen, Dept Geol, Jaen 23071, Spain;

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收录信息美国《科学引文索引》(SCI);美国《化学文摘》(CA);
原文格式 PDF
正文语种 eng
中图分类环境规划与环境管理;
关键词
environmental management; tourist cave; residual kriging; space-time model; Karst; STATIONARY COVARIANCE FUNCTIONS; SPACE-TIME DATA; HUMAN IMPACT; ALTAMIRA CAVE; GYPSUM KARST; SPAIN; EVOLUTION; CLIMATE; EXAMPLE; SYSTEM;

机译：环境管理;旅游洞穴;残差克林格法;时空模型;岩溶;静止协方差函数;时空数据;人为影响;阿尔塔米拉洞穴;石膏岩溶;西班牙;演化;气候;示例;系统;

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7. : "This paper deals with the functionality of the flaked stone assemblages from several Neolithic sites of the NE of the Iberian Peninsula. The chronological framework ranges from the mid-6th to the mid-4th millennium cal. BCE, which corresponds to the Early and Middle Neolithic. This long period ranges from the arrival of the first farming communities in the Iberian Peninsula, around 5600-5500 cal. BCE, to 3600-3500 cal. BCE, two millennia later, when Neolithic communities had stably occupied most of the available territory, from the mountainous areas of the Pyrenees to the coastal areas of the Mediterranean.In this context, the NE of the Iberian Peninsula is one of the areas where a major number of use-wear analyses have been carried out, especially for what concerns the Neolithic period. This is mainly due to the interest shown by the directors of the excavations and by the Spanish use-wear specialists as well; both participated and cooperated in order to enlarge the number of contexts studied, making the NE of the Iberian Peninsula one of the areas of Europe with the largest number of ‘functional studies’. As a result, today we have a reliable picture of the type of lithic tools used by the first farming groups, how they were used, and which needs they were satisfying.The methodology employed for this type of analysis is today broadly shared by most use-wear specialists. A stereoscopic microscope is used together with a reflected-light microscope for the analysis of the archaeological specimens. Afterwards, the observed use-wear traces are compared with the traces from experimental tools. This study primarily made use of the tools preserved at the ‘Traceoteque’ of the Institución Milà y Fontanals of the CSIC of Barcelona.This paper presents the results obtained for the different types of analysed sites and the relative lithic assemblages. In this way, tools from different contexts are compared: open-air sites, caves and rock-shelters, pit-sites, burials, and mining sites. Such a diversity of contexts allowed for the exploration of the existence of recurrences and differences in the functionality of the lithic tools from one site to another. The results obtained have also provided information on some aspects related to the economic processes carried out at the different sites, caves, rock-shelters and open-air contexts. It has been possible to gain fresh data on the types of tasks carried out and their relative importance for each site, their relation with the geographical and environmental context and the natural resources available there. In addition, analysing tools recovered from burials – mainly individual inhumations – provided information on the relationships between the buried individuals and the working tools, in particular exploring the relationships between sex and age patterns and the types of tools deposited as goods.In conclusion, use-wear analysis allowed for the exploration of a variety of issues; from technical aspects related to the production and management of the lithic resources to social aspects related to the subsistence activities and the individuals that carried them out." [O] . Gibaja Bao, Juan Francisco, Mazzucco, Niccolo 2015

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Geostatistical spatiotemporal analysis of air temperature as an aid to delineating thermal stability zones in a potential show cave: Implications for environmental management

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