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首页> 外文期刊>Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology >Temperature and size-dependent attack rates of the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus); are sticklebacks in the Baltic Sea resource-limited?
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Temperature and size-dependent attack rates of the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus); are sticklebacks in the Baltic Sea resource-limited?

机译：三刺棘背鱼的温度和大小取决于其的攻击率； Gasterosteus aculeatus波罗的海的棘背鱼类资源有限吗？

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摘要

The three-spined stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus is a small omnivorous fish, widely distributed in the northern hemisphere. In the Baltic Sea, recently observed increases in their population densities have been attributed to declines of piscivorous predators. Concurrent with this predator release, an alternative hypothesis is that past and present consumption rates and resource limitation thresholds may have contributed to the recent increases in stickleback abundance. To evaluate this hypothesis, we estimated the size- and temperature-dependent attack rate and the critical resource density (CRD) of three-spined sticklebacks. We incorporated laboratory results with time series of zooplankton abundance to estimate historical trends in degrees of resource limitation in sticklebacks and evaluate if increases in individual consumption rates could be a plausible mechanism facilitating the suggested population increase. Attack rates increased with body size and temperature in laboratory experiments. Estimated CRD increased with size but decreased with temperature, suggesting that stickleback scope for individual and population growth might increase at temperatures above 15 ℃. Our results further suggest that sticklebacks have been living closer to maximum consumption capacity in the coastal areas of the Bothnian Sea (BS) and Bothnian Bay (BB). Moreover, decreasing levels of resource limitation in the corresponding off-shore zones may have facilitated increases in stickleback densities for these areas. However, in the coastal zones of the Baltic proper (BP), resource levels have declined and are approaching the CRD, suggesting that stickleback populations in BP may not increase further. The decrease in CRD with temperature implies that increasing summer temperatures will increase the scope of individual and population growth in the three-spined stickleback and may favor the three-spined stickleback's competitive ability over other species under a warmer climate.
机译：三刺棘背鱼Gasterosteus aculeatus是一种杂食性小鱼，广泛分布于北半球。在波罗的海，最近观察到其人口密度的增加归因于食肉性捕食者的减少。与这种捕食者释放同时发生的另一种假设是，过去和现在的消费率和资源限制阈值可能导致最近的le背鱼数量增加。为了评估此假设，我们估计了三梭stick的大小和温度相关的攻击率和临界资源密度（CRD）。我们将实验室结果与浮游动物丰度的时间序列合并在一起，以估计棘背类鱼类资源限制度的历史趋势，并评估个人消费率的增加是否可能是促进建议的种群增加的合理机制。在实验室实验中，发作率随体型和体温而增加。估计的CRD随大小而增加，但随温度而减小，这表明在15℃以上的温度下，个体和种群生长的棘背范围可能会增加。我们的结果进一步表明，在波特尼亚海（BS）和波特尼亚湾（BB）沿海地区，棘背le生活在接近最大消费能力的位置。而且，相应的近海区域中资源限制水平的降低可能已经促进了这些区域的背斜密度的增加。然而，在波罗的海沿岸（BP）的沿海地区，资源水平下降并且正在接近CRD，这表明BP的棘背类种群可能不会进一步增加。 CRD随温度的降低意味着夏季温度升高将增加三梭pin的个体和种群增长范围，并可能在温暖的气候下有利于三梭pin的竞争能力。

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