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首页> 外文期刊>Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology >Friend or foe: Conflicting demands and conditional risk taking by opportunistic scavengers
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Friend or foe: Conflicting demands and conditional risk taking by opportunistic scavengers

机译：敌对友：机会主义者的需求冲突和有条件的冒险

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摘要

To optimize individual fitness, prey should balance predation threats with their own foraging demands. For prey that have additional competitive or positive interactions with their predators, however, little is known about the dynamics that regulate risk management behaviors. Our study focused on common marine gastropods (oyster drills) and one of their major predators: stone crabs. Notably, stone crabs not only prey on drills, but also serve as an ally by breeching the shells of eastern oysters. Subsequently, the foraging success of drills on oysters can be enhanced in the presence of crabs via scavenging on damaged oysters. We manipulated predator (crab) presence, resource (oyster) availability and prey (drill) hunger to explore how complex food-web interactions affect the risk management of predatory and scavenging gastropods. In mesocosm trials, we found that: (1) drills selected habitat closer to a central risk-reward patch as resource availability increased, although the presence of a stone crab generally stifled this movement toward the risk-reward patch; (2) in treatments without any live oysters provided as a foraging resource, drills were attracted by the presence of stone crabs despite the lack of an obvious incentive for this risk-enhancing behavior; (3) drills starved for 14 days prior to entering mesocosms selected habitat without regard to predation threat, while drills that were not starved responded strongly to predator presence; and (4) drills became more aggregated as resource availability decreased, predation threat increased, or starvation level decreased. These results indicate that in resource-poor environments, drills demonstrate riskier behaviors than predicted by simple predator-prey models due to additional, positive interactions with their crab predators.
机译：为了优化个体适应性，猎物应在捕食威胁与自身觅食需求之间取得平衡。但是，对于与捕食者有其他竞争或积极互动的猎物，人们对规管风险管理行为的动态知之甚少。我们的研究重点是常见的海洋腹足动物（牡蛎钻）及其主要捕食者之一：石蟹。值得注意的是，石蟹不仅捕食钻具，还可以通过使东部牡蛎的壳ree来作为盟友。随后，在存在螃蟹的情况下，通过清除受损牡蛎，可以增强在牡蛎上演习的觅食成功率。我们操纵了捕食者（螃蟹）的存在，资源（牡蛎）的可用性和猎物（钻探）的饥饿感，以探索复杂的食物网相互作用如何影响掠食性和清除腹足动物的风险管理。在中观试验中，我们发现：（1）随着资源利用率的提高，在靠近中央风险回报斑块的特定栖息地进行钻探，尽管石蟹的存在通常抑制了这一向风险回报斑块的运动； （2）在没有提供任何活牡蛎作为觅食资源的处理中，石蟹的存在吸引了演习，尽管对这种冒险行为缺乏明显的诱因； （3）演习进入进入选择的栖息地的中观世界之前，饿死了14天，没有考虑到捕食威胁，而没有饿死的演习对掠食者的存在有强烈的反应； （4）随着资源可用性的降低，掠夺威胁的增加或饥饿水平的降低，演习变得更加聚合。这些结果表明，在资源贫乏的环境中，由于与螃蟹的捕食者进行了额外的积极互动，钻探显示的行为比简单的捕食者－猎物模型预测的行为风险更高。

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  • 作者

    F.Joel Fodrie; Michelle C. Brodeur; Benjamin J.Toscano; Sean P. Powers;

  • 作者单位

    Institute of Marine Sciences and Department of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 3431 Arendell Street, Morehead City, JVC 28557, USA;

    Institute of Marine Sciences and Department of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 3431 Arendell Street, Morehead City, JVC 28557, USA,Department of Marine Sciences, Life Sciences Building Room 25, University of South Alabama, Mobile AL 36688, USA;

    Dauphin bland Sea Lab, 101 Bienville Boulevard, Dauphin Island, AL 36528, USA,Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, 715 Sumter Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA;

    Department of Marine Sciences, Life Sciences Building Room 25, University of South Alabama, Mobile AL 36688, USA,Dauphin bland Sea Lab, 101 Bienville Boulevard, Dauphin Island, AL 36528, USA;

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  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
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  • 关键词

    intraguild predation; kleptoparasitism; oyster reef; predator-avoidance behavior; predator-prey; risk management;

    机译：行会内捕食;皮下寄生;牡蛎礁;避免捕食行为;捕食者;风险管理;

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