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首页> 外文期刊>Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology >Alloparental behavior in the highly vocal Lusitanian toadfish
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Alloparental behavior in the highly vocal Lusitanian toadfish

机译：强烈发声的路西塔尼亚蟾蜍鱼的同父母行为

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摘要

In many fish species in which males guard nests with their eggs, parental care directed to genetically unrelated offspring may arise for example from nest takeovers or cuckoldry. Lusitanian toadfish (Halobatrachus didactylus) has exclusive male parental care and face intensive nest competition during the breeding season that may lead to care of foster eggs. Males of this species use visual displays and sounds when defending their nests frequently resulting in expulsion of the intruder without escalated confrontation. In this study we intended to investigate the existence of alloparental care in Lusitanian toadfish, a behavior whose adaptive significance is still poorly understood. Fish were randomly assigned to three different treatments: parental males in nests with their eggs, parental males with foster eggs and parental males without eggs. Nests with eggs with no nest holder or with females were used as controls. We performed three territorial intrusions over periods of 15 days and observed the acoustic and visual behaviors of residents and intruders. Egg survival was tallied from nests' photographs in all groups. Circulating steroid levels were measured in the three test groups and in another set of non-manipulated males. There were no differences in acoustic and visual territorial defense behaviors among treatments. Egg survival was similar between males (parental and alloparental) and significantly higher than in nests with no nest-tender. Females presented intermediate egg survival. All groups presented similar levels of testosterone and alloparental males showed higher 11-ketotestosterone levels but within the range of levels observed in non-manipulated males. Cortisol levels were similar in all male groups suggesting that experiments did not increase fish stress. The present results suggest the existence of alloparental care in this species.
机译：在许多雄性带着卵筑巢的鱼类中，对遗传无关的后代的父母关怀可能来自例如巢穴收购或绿头鸭。 Lusitanian蟾蜍鱼（Halobatrachus didactylus）具有唯一的雄性父母关怀，并且在繁殖季节面临激烈的巢竞争，这可能导致对养卵的照顾。该物种的雄性在防御其巢穴时经常使用视觉显示和声音，从而将入侵者驱逐出境而不会加剧对抗。在这项研究中，我们打算调查在Lusitanian蟾蜍鱼中存在同种父母关怀的情况，这种行为的适应性意义仍知之甚少。鱼被随机分配到三种不同的处理方法中：带卵的雌雄在巢中，带养卵的雌雄和不带卵的雌雄。没有蛋座或没有雌性的蛋巢被用作对照。我们在15天内进行了3次领土入侵，并观察了居民和入侵者的听觉和视觉行为。从所有组的巢中的照片计算出卵的存活率。在三个测试组和另一组未操纵的男性中测量了循环类固醇水平。治疗之间在听觉和视觉上的领土防御行为没有差异。雄性（亲代和同代亲代）的卵存活率相似，并且显着高于无嫩巢的卵。女性表现出中等卵存活率。所有组的睾丸激素水平相似，同种异体雄性男性的11-酮睾丸激素水平更高，但在未操纵男性中水平较高。所有雄性组的皮质醇水平均相似，表明实验并未增加鱼类的压力。目前的结果表明该物种中存在同种异体的照护。

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