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首页> 外文期刊>Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology >Benefits To Host Sea Anemones From Ammonia Contributions Of Resident Anemonefish
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Benefits To Host Sea Anemones From Ammonia Contributions Of Resident Anemonefish

机译：居住在海葵中的氨贡献给海葵带来的好处

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摘要

Large ectosymbionts (especially fishes and crustaceans) may have major impacts on the physiology of host cnidarians (sea anemones and corals), but these effects have not been well quantified. Here we describe impacts on giant sea anemone hosts {Entacmaea quadricolor) and their endosymbiotic zooxanthellae (Symbiodinium spp.) from the excretion products of anemonefish guests (Amphiprion bicinctus) under laboratory conditions. Starved host anemones were maintained with anemonefish, ammonia supplements (= NH_3 gas and NH_4~+ ion), or neither for 2 mo. In the presence of external ammonia supplements or resident anemonefish, the zooxanthellae within host anemones increased in abundance (173% and 139% respectively), and provided the hosts with energy that minimized host body size loss. In contrast, anemones cultured with neither ammonia nor anemonefish harbored significantly lower abundances of zooxanthellae (84% of initial abundance) and decreased >60% in body size. Although they maintained higher zooxanthella abundances, anemones cultured with either ammonia supplements or resident anemonefish exhibited significantly lower ammonia uptake rates (0.065±0.005 umol g~(-1) h~(-1) and 0.052±0.018 umol g~(-1) h~(-1) respectively) than did control anemones (0.119±0.009 umol g~(-1) h~(-1)), indicating that their zooxanthellae were more nitrogen sufficient. We conclude that, in this multi-level mutualism, ammonia supplements provide essentially the same level of physiological contribution to host anemones and zooxanthellae as do live resident fish. This nutrient supplement reduces the dependence of the zooxanthellae on host feeding, and allows them to provide abundant photosynthetically-produced energy to the host.
机译：大型外生共生体（尤其是鱼类和甲壳类动物）可能会对宿主的刺胞动物（海葵和珊瑚）的生理产生重大影响，但是这些影响尚未得到很好的量化。在这里，我们描述了在实验室条件下，从海葵鱼客人（Amphiprion bicinctus）的排泄物中对巨型海葵寄主（四头Entacmaea quadricolor）及其内共生虫黄藻（Symbiodinium spp。）的影响。饥饿的寄主海葵用银莲花，补充氨气（= NH_3气体和NH_4〜+离子）或在两个月内均未维持。在使用外部氨补充剂或常驻的海葵鱼的情况下，寄主海葵内的虫黄藻的数量大量增加（分别为173％和139％），并为寄主提供了最大程度地减少寄主体尺寸损失的能量。相比之下，既不使用氨气也不使用海葵养殖的海葵，其虫黄藻的丰度明显降低（占初始丰度的84％），而体型却减少了> 60％。尽管它们保持较高的人畜黄藻丰度，但无论是用氨水补充剂还是常驻海葵鱼养殖的海葵，其氨摄取率均显着降低（0.065±0.005 umol g〜（-1）h〜（-1）和0.052±0.018 umol g〜（-1） h〜（-1）分别比对照海葵（0.119±0.009 umol g〜（-1）h〜（-1））好，表明它们的虫黄藻更富氮。我们得出的结论是，在这种多层次的共生关系中，氨水补充剂可以为寄主海葵和黄原虫提供与活体鱼类相同的生理水平。这种营养补充剂减少了人兽共患病对宿主摄食的依赖性，并使它们能够向宿主提供光合作用产生的丰富能量。

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