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首页> 外文期刊>Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology >Effects of egg size reduction and larval feeding on juvenile quality for a species with facultative-feeding development
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Effects of egg size reduction and larval feeding on juvenile quality for a species with facultative-feeding development

机译：卵减量和幼体摄食对兼性摄食发展物种的幼体质量的影响

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摘要

In free-spawning marine invertebrates, larval development typically proceeds by one of two modes: planktotrophy (obligate larval feeding) from small eggs or lecithotrophy (obligate non-feeding) from relatively large eggs. In a rare third developmental mode, facultative planktotrophy, larvae can feed, but do not require particulate food to complete metamorphosis. Facultative planktotrophy is thought to be an intermediate condition that results from an evolutionary increase in energy content in the small eggs of a planktotrophic ancestor. We tested whether an experimental reduction in egg size is sufficient to restore obligate planktotrophy from facultative planktotrophy and whether the two sources of larval nutrition (feeding and energy in the egg) differentially influence larval survival and juvenile quality. We predicted, based on its large egg size, that a reduction in egg size in the echinoid echinoderm Clypeaster rosaceus would affect juvenile size but not time to metamorphosis. We reduced the effective size of whole (W) zygotes by separating blastomeres at the two- or four-cell stages to create half- (H) or quarter-size (Q) "zygotes" and reared larvae to metamorphosis, both with and without particulate food. Larvae metamorphosed at approximately the same time regardless of food or egg size treatment. In contrast, juveniles that developed from W zygotes were significantly larger, had higher organic content and had longer and more numerous spines than juveniles from H or Q zygotes. Larvae from W, H and Q zygotes were able to reach metamorphosis without feeding, suggesting that the evolution of facultative planktotrophy in C. rosaceus was accompanied by more than a simple increase in egg size. In addition, our results suggest that resources lost by halving egg size have a larger effect on larval survival and juvenile quality than those lost by withholding particulate food.
机译：在自由产卵的海洋无脊椎动物中，幼虫的发育通常以以下两种模式之一进行：小卵的浮游生物（专为幼虫摄食）或较大卵的幼虫（专为不摄食）。在罕见的第三种发育模式下，兼性浮游幼虫可以觅食，但不需要颗粒食物即可完成变态。兼性浮游营养被认为是一种中间状况，是由浮游营养祖先的小卵中能量含量的进化增加导致的。我们测试了实验性降低鸡蛋大小是否足以从兼性浮游生物中恢复专性浮游生物，以及两种幼虫营养来源（卵中的摄食和能量）是否对幼虫生存和幼体质量产生不同影响。基于其较大的卵大小，我们预测了棘突棘皮动物鹰嘴豆蔷薇的卵大小减小将影响幼体大小，但不会影响变态时间。我们通过在两细胞或四细胞阶段分离卵裂球以产生一半（H）或四分之一大小（Q）的“合子”并饲养幼虫使其变态来减小整个（W）合子的有效大小。颗粒食品。不论食物或蛋大小如何，幼虫都会在大约同一时间变形。相比之下，由W受精卵发育的幼虫比来自H或Q受精卵的幼虫大得多，有机物含量更高，并且具有更长和更多的刺。来自W，H和Q受精卵的幼虫无需喂食就可以达到变态，这表明玫瑰红梭菌兼性浮游植物的进化不仅伴随着蛋大小的简单增加。此外，我们的研究结果表明，将鸡蛋尺寸减半所损失的资源比保留颗粒食品所损失的资源对幼虫生存和幼稚质量的影响更大。

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