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首页> 外文期刊>Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology >Testing for defensive synergy in Caribbean sponges: Bad taste or glass spicules?
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Testing for defensive synergy in Caribbean sponges: Bad taste or glass spicules?

机译：测试加勒比海海绵中的防御性协同作用：味道不好还是玻璃针头？

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Chemical and physical defenses of sessile organisms against consumers are well described for both terrestrial and marine systems. However, previous studies have focused on chemical or physical defenses in isolation, and have not considered their interaction. Marine sponges provide a model system for testing this interaction. Some sponge species produce secondary metabolites that deter predation; they may also contain siliceous spicules, but previous studies have provided little evidence that spicules in isolation offer any defense against generalist fish predators. To determine whether the two components have an additive, antagonistic, or synergistic interaction, crude organic extracts and spicules from individuals of 8 Caribbean sponge species were isolated and tested in laboratory feeding assays. These included one chemically defended reef sponge (Agelas clathrodes) and seven known to be intermediately deterrent: six from reef habitats (Cinachyrella alloclada, Clathria virgultosa, Cribrochalina infundibulum, Niphates digitalis, Svenzea zeai, and Xestospongia muta) and one from mangrove habitats (Tedania ignis). Extracts and spicules were assayed at various concentrations, both individually and in combination, in laboratory feeding assays with the bluehead wrasse, Thalassoma bifasciatum. A SAS based GENMOD procedure based on an isobolographic analysis model was used for statistical comparisons. Four sponges (A. clathrodes, C. alloclada, C. virgultosa, and one of three individuals ofX. muta) showed evidence of synergisms. Of these, synergy in C. alloclada, C. virgultosa, and X. muta was caused by approximately natural concentrations of extracts and spicules. The extract of A. clathrodes was deterrent, but combination assays required nearly a 3-fold reduction in extract concentration and an 8-fold increase in spicule concentration to show the synergistic effect. Contrary to previous findings, spicules from C. infundibulum and two of three individuals of X. muta were deterrent at natural concentrations. Sponge spicules may be defensive in isolation, or may enhance chemical defenses against consumers, but the lack of synergisms for individuals in 4 of 7 species with intermediate levels of chemical defense suggests that defensive synergy is not the general rule and, when present, may be an example of an exaptation.
机译：对于陆地和海洋系统，固着生物对消费者的化学和物理防御已有很好的描述。但是，先前的研究仅关注孤立的化学或物理防御，并未考虑它们之间的相互作用。海洋海绵提供了用于测试这种相互作用的模型系统。一些海绵物种会产生阻止捕食的次生代谢产物；它们也可能含有硅质针状茎，但是以前的研究很少提供证据表明，针状茎单独存在可以抵御通才鱼类掠食者。为了确定这两种成分是否具有加性，拮抗性或协同作用，分离了来自8种加勒比海海绵个体的粗有机提取物和针剂，并在实验室进食分析中进行了测试。其中包括一个化学防御珊瑚礁海绵（Agelas clathrodes）和七个已知具有中等威慑力的珊瑚礁：六个来自珊瑚礁栖息地（Cinachyrella alloclada，Clathria virgultosa，Cribochalina infundibulum，Niphates digitalis，Svenzea zeai和Xestospongia muta）（一个来自红树林栖息地） ignis）。提取物和针刺分别在不同的浓度下，在实验室进食试验中用黑头濑鱼（Thalasoma bifasciatum）进行了试验。基于等线图分析模型的基于SAS的GENMOD程序用于统计比较。四个海绵（A. clathrodes，C。alloclada，C。virgultosa和三个变种X. muta）显示出协同作用的证据。其中，金枪鱼，变种和变种中的协同作用是由提取物和刺针的天然浓度引起的。笼草的提取物具有阻吓作用，但组合试验要求提取物浓度降低近3倍，针叶浓度增加8倍，才能显示出协同作用。与以前的发现相反，来自漏斗梭状芽孢杆菌的针叶和三个变异的X. muta个体中的两个在自然浓度下具有威慑力。海绵针可能孤立地具有防御性，或者可以增强对消费者的化学防御能力，但是对于化学防御水平中等的7种物种中的4种，个体缺乏协同作用表明防御协同作用不是一般规则，如果存在，则可能是豁免的一个例子。

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