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首页> 外文期刊>Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology >Ecological consequences of ontogenetic shifts in predator diet: Seasonal constraint of a behaviorally mediated indirect interaction
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Ecological consequences of ontogenetic shifts in predator diet: Seasonal constraint of a behaviorally mediated indirect interaction

机译：捕食者饮食中个体转变的生态后果：行为介导的间接相互作用的季节性约束

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Predators play an important role in structuring assemblages through direct and cascading indirect effects. While there has been recent interest in how the strength and direction of trophic cascades vary spatially, seasonal variability in trophic links is seldom considered. In North Carolina, recruitment-failure of bay scallops typically occurs following the spring but not the fall spawning despite the presence in each of these seasons of predatory blue crabs. One explanation for this pattern is that in the fall, seasonally abundant predators of blue crabs reduce the foraging efficiency of crabs on scallops and thus the overall magnitude of top-down effects. Quantification of bay scallop consumption by blue crabs in closed mesocosms with or without pinfish supported the hypothesis that seasonally abundant adult pinfish indirectly increase survivorship of bay scallop recruits in fall by reducing predation by blue crabs. Despite voracious consumption of bay scallops during both the day and night in mesocosms to which only small blue crabs were added, blue crabs in mesocosms with visually-foraging adult pinfish consumed bay scallops only by night. Juvenile pinfish that dominate estuarine populations in spring did not impede consumption of bay scallops by blue crabs. In mesocosms from which animals could not emigrate, the addition of neither adult nor juvenile pinfish increased the mortality of blue crabs, indicating a behaviorally mediated interaction. Blue crabs restricted by adult pinfish to nocturnal feeding did not compensate for lost feeding time by increasing their night-time consumption of bay scallops. These results strongly suggest that greater survivorship of bay scallops in fall than spring is due to adult pinfish, potential predators of small blue crabs, restricting blue crab foraging to hours of dark. In spring, when pinfish are small and incapable of consuming blue crabs, blue crabs consume bay scallops by day and by night. Such seasonal variation in the number of trophic links in a system may have important evolutionary implications. By timing reproduction to occur in fall when the pinfish-crab-scallop cascade is in operation, bay scallops maximize recruitment.
机译：捕食者在通过直接和级联的间接效应来构造组合中扮演着重要角色。尽管最近人们对营养级联的强度和方向如何在空间上发生变化感兴趣，但很少考虑营养级联的季节性变化。在北卡罗来纳州，海湾扇贝的招募失败通常发生在春季之后，但秋季产卵却没有，尽管这些季节中每个季节都有掠食性蓝蟹。这种模式的一个解释是，在秋天，蓝蟹的季节性捕食者减少了蟹对扇贝的觅食效率，从而降低了自顶向下效应的总体强度。在有或没有pinfish的封闭中观中，蓝蟹对海湾扇贝消费的定量分析支持以下假说：季节性丰富的成年pinfish通过减少蓝蟹的捕食，在秋天间接增加了海湾扇贝新兵的生存率。尽管在白天和晚上白天仅在其中添加了小蓝蟹的中食中大量食用海湾扇贝，但在具有视觉觅食成年大头鱼的中观中，蓝蟹仅在夜间食用海湾扇贝。春季在河口种群中占主导地位的幼鱼不妨碍蓝蟹对海湾扇贝的消费。在动物无法迁徙的中生世代中，既不添加成年幼鱼也不使用幼年锦鱼增加了蓝蟹的死亡率，这表明是行为介导的相互作用。受成年pin鱼限制夜间进食的蓝蟹不能通过增加夜间扇贝的进食来弥补失去的进食时间。这些结果有力地表明，秋季的海湾扇贝生存率要高于春季，这是由于成年的pin鱼，小的蓝蟹的潜在掠食者，将蓝蟹的觅食限制在数小时之内。在春季，当pinfish很小且无法食用蓝蟹时，蓝蟹白天和黑夜都会食用海湾扇贝。系统中营养环节数量的这种季节性变化可能具有重要的进化意义。当timing鱼-蟹-扇贝级联操作时，通过定时安排在秋天发生繁殖，海湾扇贝可最大程度地增加招聘。

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