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首页> 外文期刊>Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology >Chemical defence against predators in a sub-Arctic fjord
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Chemical defence against predators in a sub-Arctic fjord

机译：在北极北极峡湾中对天敌的化学防御

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The development of chemical defences in marine organisms is supposed to be driven by intense pressure of predation and competition. While benthic communities in tropical and also Antarctic regions are thought to be mainly structured by intra- and interspecific interactions, these factors are proposed to be less important in northern high latitudes. Consequently, selective pressure for chemical defence should be low in these regions. To investigate the incidence of chemical defence against predation in northern high latitudes, crude extracts of 18 abundant sessile or slow-moving invertebrate species (4 sponges, 3 actinians, 1 soft coral, 4 bryozoans, 3 ascidians and the egg mass of a gastropod) from Kongsfjord (Spitsbergen) were tested for feeding deterrent activity. Laboratory assays were performed by offering artificial food with extracts to two different predators, the amphipod Anonyx nugax which is a common species in Kongsfjord, and the starfish Asterias rubens from the North Sea. Of the 18 extracts tested, 2 (Haliclona viscosa, Hormathia nodosa) exhibited significant feeding deterrent effects in the amphipod assay. Furthermore, 6 extracts had a significantly stimulating effect on the amphipod feeding, and 10 extracts did not affect consumption. In the starfish assay, only the crude extract of H. viscosa was significantly rejected. For H. viscosa, feeding deterrence could be established for two pure compounds, and for H. nodosa for one fraction. The present data show that feeding deterrent compounds are present in sub-Arctic marine invertebrates from Kongsfjord but are less abundant than in temperate, tropical and Antarctic species.
机译：据推测，海洋生物化学防御的发展受到捕食和竞争的巨大压力的驱动。尽管认为热带地区和南极地区的底栖生物群落主要是由种内和种间相互作用构成的，但这些因素在北部高纬度地区却不那么重要。因此，在这些地区，化学防御的选择性压力应较低。为了调查北部高纬度地区对捕食的化学防御作用的发生率，使用了18种丰富的无柄或缓慢移动的无脊椎动物物种的粗提物（4个海绵，3个光化子，1个软珊瑚，4个苔藓动物，3个海鞘和腹足动物的卵质量）来自Kongsfjord（Spitsbergen）的人进行了喂养威慑活动测试。通过向两种不同的捕食者提供人造食物及其提取物来进行实验室分析，这两种捕食者是在孔斯峡湾常见的两栖类Anonyx nugax和北海的海星Asterias rubens。在所测试的18种提取物中，有2种（榛子粘菌，结节菌）在两栖动物试验中显示出明显的摄食威慑作用。此外，6种提取物对两栖动物的摄食有明显的刺激作用，10种提取物不影响食用。在海星分析中，只有粘胶螺旋菌的粗提物被显着拒绝。对于粘胶链球菌，可以建立两种纯净化合物的饲料威慑力，而对于结瘤链球菌则要建立一小部分的威慑力。目前的数据表明，摄食具有威慑力的化合物存在于来自Kongsfjord的亚北极海洋无脊椎动物中，但不如温带，热带和南极物种丰富。

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