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Covid-19, out-of-pocket medical expenses and consumption

机译：Covid-19，外包医疗费用和消费

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Purpose - Based upon estimates of the change in consumption due to a change in out-of-pocket-health expenses (dC/dOOPHE) for 43 countries, this paper aims to argue for a reevaluation of what constitutes OOPHE when determining health insurance especially in the wake of Covid-19.Design/methodology/approach - Reiterative truncated projected least squares (RTPLS), a statistical technique designed to handle the omitted variables problem of regression analysis. Findings - If budgets are binding than dC/dOOPHE should be 0; if OOPHE merely adds to current consumption than dC/dOOPHE should be 1. However, merely plotting consumption versus OOPHE for the 43 countries for which organization for economic cooperation and development has the required data clearly shows a dC/dOOPHE much greater than one. This paper's estimates of dC/dOOPHE for 2000 to 2017 range from 15.6 for Switzerland (in 2016) to 225.2 for Columbia (in 2003).Research limitations/implications - RTPLS cannot determine what part of the results are due to an increase in income causing both consumption and OOPHE to increase and what part is because of actual OOPHE far exceeding official OOPHE. However, the latter is involved.Practical implications - As Covid-19 sickens millions while depriving millions of their normal means of generating income, what constitutes OOPHE should be expanded when determining health insurance. This paper's results imply that even prior to Covid-19 health insurance covered much less than the optimal amount of actual OOPHE.Originality/value - This is the first paper to use RTPLS to estimate dC/dOOPHE.
机译：目的 - 根据43个国家的口袋健康费用（DC / DOOPHE）的变化，基于消费变化的估计，本文旨在争论在确定健康保险时，重新评估oophe尤其是在covid-19.design/methodology/approach - 重新截断投影最小二乘（Rtpls），旨在处理回归分析的省略变量问题的统计技术。调查结果 - 如果预算比DC / DOOPHE有约束力，应为0;如果Oophe仅仅增加到当前消费，而不是DC / DOOPHE应该是1。然而，仅为经济合作和发展组织的43个国家绘制消费与OOPHE，有必要的数据明确显示DC / DOOPHE大于1。本文估计2000年至2017年的DC / DOOPHE从瑞士（2016年）为15.6到哥伦比亚（2016年）到225.2）.Research限制/影响 - RTPL无法确定结果的结果是由于收入增加导致的结果消费和oophe都会增加和部分是因为实际的Oophe远远超过官方Oophe。然而，后者是参与的。正如Covid-19在剥夺了数百万正常的产生收入手段的同时，在确定健康保险时，应扩大oophe的内容。本文的结果意味着即使在Covid-19健康保险之前覆盖的含量远低于实际OOPHE的最佳数量。

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