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Failed rifting in Jordan and the development of the Dead Sea Transform

机译：约旦失败的裂谷与死海改造的发展

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Development of the Red Sea and the Dead Sea Rift is preceded by regional scale uplift and erosional truncation. Associated with this regional uplift, towards its final stages at the early Miocene, are volcanic fields and mafic dike intrusion. On top of the regional uplift, near its northern edge, we recognize in Southern Jordan-Northwestern Saudi Arabia evidence for local smaller scale swell (200 km by 400 km) developing in the Mid Miocene (starting around 18 Ma) which are interpreted as related to the initial stages of rifting in this area, as continental breakup progresses to the north from the Red Sea. Presence of thick Neogene clastic formations in southern Israel and Jordan whose base is dated to 17.9 Ma, is taken as indication for the presence of Neogene (ca 18-8 Ma) rift related doming in Southern Jordan and NW Saudi Arabia. This incipient rifting failed to develop due to the final stages of continental collision in the Zagros mountains in Iran which occurred at the same time. Similar explanation is proposed for the NW-SE trending Gulf of Suez which was abandoned as strongly active rift at the Serravalian (13.7-11.6 Ma, Bosworth et al., 2005). In place of this failed rifting, plate movement readjustment took place and plate movement on the Dead Sea Transform (DST) was initiated between 20 Ma (Nuriel et al., 2017) and 14 Ma (Bosworth et al., 2005). Evidence from Neogene stratigraphy, basement structural maps, distribution of fracture zones, timing of volcanism, presence of mud volcanoes, changes in Arabia plate movement directions and geophysical data are presented in support of this interpretation. Present day anomalies in moho elevations, P wave velocities and asymmetries in S wave responses in the north part of this zone are added as support for continuation of mantle plume activity in this area, which started in the early Miocene. We propose this plume evolved independently from the activity in Saudi Arabia and the Red Sea, preceding it by 3-4 Ma, with doming initiated at 18 Ma and volcanism at 13 Ma.
机译：在红海和死海裂谷的发展之前，存在区域规模隆起和侵蚀性截断。伴随着这种区域性隆升，在中新世早期进入最后阶段，是火山岩田和黑手性堤防入侵。除区域隆起外，在其北部边缘附近，我们在约旦南部-沙特阿拉伯西北部认识到中新世中期（始于18 Ma左右）局部较小规模的隆起（200 km x 400 km）的证据大陆分裂从红海向北发展的过程中，一直到该地区裂谷的初期。以色列南部和约旦的基底可追溯到17.9 Ma，存在较厚的新近纪碎屑岩，这表明约旦南部和西北沙特阿拉伯存在新近纪（约18-8 Ma）与裂谷有关的穹隆。由于同时发生在伊朗扎格罗斯山脉的大陆碰撞的最后阶段，这种初期裂谷未能发展。对于苏伊士西北向东南方向发展的苏伊士湾也提出了类似的解释，因为它在塞拉瓦利亚被强烈活跃的裂谷所抛弃（13.7-11.6 Ma，Bosworth等，2005）。代替了失败的裂谷，进行了板块运动调整，并在20 Ma（Nuriel等人，2017）和14 Ma（Bosworth等人，2005）之间启动了死海变换（DST）上的板块运动。为支持这种解释，本文提供了来自新近纪地层，地下结构图，裂缝区域分布，火山活动时间，泥火山的存在，阿拉伯板块运动方向的变化和地球物理数据的证据。如今，该地区北部的莫霍面高程，P波速度和S波响应的不对称性出现了异常现象，以支持该地区自中新世早期开始的地幔柱活动的继续。我们建议这种羽状流独立于沙特阿拉伯和红海的活动而演化，先于3-4 Ma，顶隆起于18 Ma，火山作用始于13 Ma。

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