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Explaining Abu Ghraib: A Review Essay

机译：解释阿布格莱布：评论论文

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Four books written by social scientists and published in 2007 are reviewed: The Trials of Abu Ghraib: An Expert Witness Account of Shame and Honor, by Stjepan Mestrovic; The Lucifer Effect, by Philip Zimbardo; Torture and the Twilight of Empire: From Algiers to Baghdad, by Marnia Lazreg; and Torture and Democracy, by Darius Rejali. Prior research on torture has left unsettled the question of the importance of training and direct orders as causes of torture, and the role of liberal democratic institutions in preventing torture. The four books demonstrate that the Abu Ghraib torturers did not act on their initiative but were encouraged to commit torture by their superior officers and by the effects of their social environment. The torturers did not receive formal training in methods but did receive informal instruction from CIA and Guantanamo interrogators. While democratic states use torture less frequently than nondemocratic ones, they nevertheless do use torture sometimes when faced with severe threats to security. Of the four books, Rejali's Torture and Democracy stands out for its depth of research and quality of analysis.
机译：回顾了社会科学家撰写并于2007年出版的四本书：《阿布格莱布审判：羞辱与荣誉的专家见证》，作者Stjepan Mestrovic；菲利普·津巴多（Philip Zimbardo）的《路西法效应》；酷刑与帝国的曙光：Marnia Lazreg撰写的《从阿尔及尔到巴格达》；和《酷刑与民主》，作者达里乌斯·里贾利（Darius Rejali）。先前有关酷刑的研究尚未解决以下问题：培训和直接命令是造成酷刑的原因，以及自由民主机构在防止酷刑中的作用。这四本书表明，阿布格莱布的酷刑者不是主动采取行动，而是受到其上级官员和社会环境的影响而实施酷刑。酷刑者没有接受过方法方面的正式培训，但确实得到了中央情报局和关塔那摩审讯者的非正式指导。尽管民主国家使用酷刑的频率比非民主国家少，但在面对严重的安全威胁时，他们有时还是使用酷刑。在这四本书中，里贾利的《酷刑与民主》以其研究深度和分析质量而著称。

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