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The costs of free: commoditization, bundling and concentration

机译:免费的成本:商品化,捆绑和集中

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摘要

Digital markets offer abundant free content but exhibit extreme concentration among content aggregation intermediaries. These characteristics are linked. Weak copyright environments select against stand-alone content-delivery structures and select for bundled aggregation structures in which free content for users promotes positively priced advertising and data-collection services for firms. Dominant intermediaries promote commoditization, and the reallocation of market rents from content producers to content aggregators, through litigation and free content distribution that weaken copyright protections. The potential net welfare effects raise concern. Network effects, compounded by weak inventory constraints, scale economies, and learning effects, promote winner-takes-all outcomes in the intermediary services market while weak copyright may generate output distortions in the content production market.
机译:数字市场提供了丰富的免费内容,但在内容聚集中间商中却表现出极大的集中度。这些特征是相互联系的。较弱的版权环境会针对独立的内容交付结构进行选择,并选择捆绑的聚合结构,在这种捆绑结构中,用户的免费内容可为企业推广定价合理的广告和数据收集服务。占主导地位的中介机构通过诉讼和免费的内容分发削弱了版权保护,促进了商品化,并将市场租金从内容生产者重新分配给内容聚合者。潜在的净福利影响引起关注。网络效应,加上薄弱的库存约束,规模经济和学习效应,在中间服务市场促进了赢家通吃的所有结果,而版权薄弱可能会在内容生产市场中产生输出扭曲。

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