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The chronic uncertainty of American Indian property rights

机译：美国印度产权的慢性不确定性

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Property institutions should ideally provide economic actors with certainty that their local choices about investment will not be unsettled by shifting political economic equilibria. We argue that for this to occur, political autonomy, administrative and enforcement capacity, political constraints, and accessible legal institutions are each necessary. A comparison of the evolution of property rights for settlers and American Indians in the United States shows how political and legal forces shape the evolution of property institutions. American Indians, who had property institutions before Europeans arrived, could not defend their land from Europeans and later Americans due to lacking military capacity. Settlers' property rights were relatively secure because the government had sufficient autonomy and capacity to broadly define and enforce their rights, political institutions constrained the government from expropriating settlers' property, and legal institutions provided a forum for settlers to adjudicate and defend their rights in court. Native Americans, in contrast, had systematically inconsistent and often expropriative policy treatment by the government. Although tribes have technically been sovereign since the 1970s, tribal governments continue to lack sufficient political and legal autonomy and capacity to define and enforce property institutions in response to evolving local conditions.
机译：理想情况下，物业机构应肯定地提供经济行动者，即他们对投资的当地选择不会通过转移政治经济均衡而不安。我们认为，这是为了发生，政治自治，行政和执法能力，政治制约因素，以及可访问的法律机构都是必要的。在美国定居者和美洲印第安人的产权进化的比较显示了政治和法律力量如何塑造物业机构的演变。在欧洲人到达之前，美国印第安人有财产机构，由于缺乏军事能力，无法从欧洲人和后来的美国人捍卫他们的土地。定居者的财产权相对安全，因为政府有足够的自主权和能力，以广泛地确定和执行其权利，政治机构限制了政府征收定居者的财产，法律机构为定居者提供了论坛，以裁定和捍卫自己的权利。相比之下，美国原住民并得到了政府的系统性不一致和往往妄想政策待遇。虽然部落自20世纪70年代以来，部落在技术上受到了主权，但部落政府继续缺乏足够的政治和法律自主权和能力，以响应不断发展的当地条件来确定财产机构。

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