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首页> 外文期刊>Journal of International Criminal Justice >The Orwellian Military Commissions Act of 2006
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The Orwellian Military Commissions Act of 2006

机译：2006年奥威尔式军事委员会法

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In three decisions in 2004 and 2006, the Supreme Court of the United States rejected the sweeping claims by President Bush that his role as Commander in Chief entitled him to detain persons indefinitely and, if he chose, to subject them to war crimes trials before military commissions that did not have all of the procedural protections of courts martial. The Court's rulings, however, left open the possibility that, notwithstanding the treaty obligations of the United States under the Geneva Conventions, Congress could authorize the President to take the steps that he could not take unilaterally. In the Military Commissions Act (MCA) of 2006, Congress did just that. However, despite its title, the MCA does far more than authorize military commissions. Most significantly, it eliminates the statutory right of aliens declared by the government to be ‘unlawful enemy combatants’ and detained indefinitely on that basis, to seek a writ of habeas corpus from a federal court. To be sure, the MCA provides some right of access to federal court for persons convicted of war crimes by military commissions or found to be unlawful enemy combatants by a military ‘combatant status review tribunal’ or equivalent body, but even then, it severely curtails opportunities for judicial relief. In this and other respects, the MCA purports to confer rights that, upon close inspection, prove illusory. For example, it uses the language of the Geneva Conventions, even while forbidding courts to look to international and foreign sources to construe that language. The MCA is, more broadly, an exercise in misdirection. It is, in a word, ‘Orwellian’.
机译：在2004年和2006年的三项裁决中，美国最高法院驳回了布什总统关于他担任总司令的广泛主张，称他有权无限期拘留人员，如果他选择，还可以对他们进行战争罪审判，然后再进行军事审判。没有军事法庭的所有程序保护的委员会。然而，法院的裁决使可能性成为可能，尽管美国根据《日内瓦公约》承担了条约义务，但国会仍可以授权总统采取他单方面无法采取的步骤。在2006年的《军事委员会法》（MCA）中，国会就是这样做的。但是，尽管拥有MCA的称号，MCA的作用远远不止授权军事委员会。最重要的是，它消除了政府宣布为“非法敌方战斗人员”并在此基础上被无限期拘留的外国人的法定权利，可从联邦法院寻求人身保护令。可以肯定的是，MCA赋予被军事委员会裁定犯有战争罪或被军事“战斗状态复审法庭”或同等机构认定为非法敌方战斗人员的人诉诸联邦法院的权利，但即便如此，它仍在严格限制司法救济的机会。在这方面以及其他方面，马华都声称要赋予权利，经仔细检查，证明是虚幻的。例如，它使用《日内瓦公约》的语言，甚至在禁止法院寻求国际和国外资源解释该语言的同时。从更广泛的意义上讲，MCA是一种误导性练习。简而言之，就是“奥威尔式”。

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