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首页> 外文期刊>Journal for maritime research >Outlaws of the Atlantic: sailors, pirates, and motley crews in the age of sail
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Outlaws of the Atlantic: sailors, pirates, and motley crews in the age of sail

机译：大西洋的徒：航海时代的水手，海盗和杂色船员

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These two books offer very different approaches to piracy and outlawed groups, and are aimed at quite different audiences. Persistent piracy is the more theoretical and academic. The book emanates from a conference jointly organised in 2012 by the Centre for Maritime Studies, Stockholm University, and the Swedish Institute of International Affairs in Stockholm. The editors have largely achieved a coherent volume by requesting that contributors focus on the characteristics of 'persistent piracy'. These they define as the existence of land bases where pirates can recoup, re-supply and from where they can launch attacks; access to markets where pirates can sell booty; pirate activity on a large-scale, often involving fleets and large numbers of people; the emergence of a fairly complex criminal organisation, with a command structure and a specialisation of tasks; the development, within a defined territory, of a relatively stable social and political order linked to piratical activities, or 'embryonic state-formation'; and, finally, 'persistence' itself, or evidence of predatory maritime activity over at least decades. In addition, the editors identify four types of behaviour that states have adopted towards piracy throughout global history: 'open sponsorship', which includes, for example, issuing licences to private prize-takers in wartime; 'tacit sponsorship', when a state tacitly supports piracy for political or economic goals; 'conditional acceptance', which is similar but involves the state wavering between supporting and counteracting piracy, or even doing both at the same time; and 'suppression' which is perhaps most easily identified if only because states tend to produce official histories in which they claim marked success in this respect.
机译：这两本书针对盗版和非法群体提供了截然不同的方法，并且针对的受众非常不同。持续的盗版行为在理论上和学术上都更为突出。该书源于2012年由斯德哥尔摩大学海事研究中心和斯德哥尔摩瑞典国际事务研究所联合举办的会议。编辑们要求撰稿人关注“持续海盗”的特征，从而在很大程度上取得了连贯的成果。它们被定义为海盗可以收回，补给和从那里发动攻击的陆地基地。进入海盗可以出售赃物的市场；大规模的海盗活动，通常涉及船队和大量人员；一个相当复杂的犯罪组织的出现，它具有指挥结构和专门任务；在界定的领土内发展与海盗活动或“胚胎国家形成”相关的相对稳定的社会和政治秩序；最后，“持久性”本身，或者至少几十年来掠夺性海上活动的证据。此外，编辑者还确定了在整个全球历史中各国对盗版采取的四种行为：“公开赞助”，例如，在战时向私人获奖者颁发许可证； “默认赞助”，当一个州默认支持出于政治或经济目的进行盗版时； “有条件接受”，与之类似，但涉及到在支持和打击盗版之间摇摆不定的状态，或者甚至同时进行；而“压制”也许最容易被发现，原因仅在于各州倾向于产生官方历史，在这些历史中它们声称在这方面取得了显著成功。

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