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The education and careers of naval officers in the long eighteenth century: an international perspective

机译：18世纪漫长的海军官兵的教育和职业：国际视野

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During the long eighteenth century, European navies saw the emergence of a class of highly specialised and professionalised naval officers. These officers were in command of ships and squadrons at major naval battles, led explorations, and in some countries also served ashore as administrators of admiralties and dockyards. Officer training differed from country to country, and careers in different navies were subject to a variety of systems of ranks and promotions that relied both on cultural and on systemic factors. This article explores how the three northern European nations of Sweden, Denmark and Britain developed systems suited to the particular demands of their social and political situations. It presents the results of new research in a comparative context to examine the factors that shaped the development of officer training systems and the criteria used for determining officers' career prospects. Shore-based academies are a useful point of comparison: despite a common curriculum, the development and significance of each navy's academy varied widely. All three navies struggled with the tension between the fundamental demands of life at sea and the behavioural and educational expectations of gentlemen officers. By focusing in particular on officer training, this article provides a variety of perspectives on the origins, emergence, and development of professionalism and expertise in the eighteenth-century maritime world.
机译：在漫长的18世纪，欧洲海军看到了一批高度专业化和专业化的海军军官。这些军官在重大海战中指挥舰艇和中队，率领探险，在某些国家，他们还担任海军部和造船厂的管理员。各国的军官培训各不相同，不同海军的职业受制于各种依靠文化和系统因素的军衔和晋升制度。本文探讨了瑞典，丹麦和英国这三个北欧国家如何开发适合其社会和政治形势的特定需求的系统。它在比较的背景下介绍了新研究的结果，以检查影响军官培训系统发展的因素以及用于确定军官职业前景的标准。岸上的学院是一个有用的比较点：尽管课程设置相同，但每个海军学院的发展和意义却千差万别。三位海军都在海上生活的基本需求与绅士军官的行为和教育期望之间的紧张关系中挣扎。通过特别关注军官培训，本文提供了有关18世纪海洋世界中专业精神和专门知识的起源，出现和发展的多种观点。

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