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Smart Control Systems for Smart Materials

机译：智能材料的智能控制系统

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Shape memory alloys (SMAs) are thermally activated smart materials. Due to their ability to change into a previously imprinted shape by the means of thermal activation, they are suitable as actuators for microsystems and, within certain limitations for macroscopic systems. Most commonly used SMAs for actuators are binary nickel-titanium alloys (NiTi). The shape memory effect relies on the martensitic phase transformation. On heating the material from the low temperature phase (martensite) the material starts to transform into the high temperature phase (austenite) at the austenite start temperature (A s). The reverse transformation starts at the martensite start temperature after passing a hysteresis cycle. To apply these materials to a wide range of industrial applications, a simple method for controlling the actuator effect is required. Today’s control concepts for shape memory actuators, in applications as well as in test stands, are time-based. This often leads to overheating after transformation into the high temperature phase which results in early fatigue. Besides, the dynamic behavior of such systems is influenced by unnecessary heating, resulting in a poor time performance. To minimize these effects, a controller system with resistance feedback is required to hold the energy input on specific keypoints. These two key points are directly before transformation (A s) and shortly before retransformation (M s). This allows triggering of fast and energy-efficient transformation cycles. Both experimental results and a mechatronical demonstrator system, exhibit the advantages of systems concerning efficiency, dynamics, and reliability.
机译：形状记忆合金（SMA）是热激活的智能材料。由于它们具有通过热激活而转变成先前印记形状的能力，因此它们适合用作微系统的致动器，并且在宏观系统的某些限制范围内适用。执行器最常用的SMA是二元镍钛合金（NiTi）。形状记忆效应依赖于马氏体相变。在从低温相（马氏体）加热材料时，材料在奥氏体起始温度（A s ）下开始转变为高温相（奥氏体）。经过磁滞循环后，逆相变从马氏体起始温度开始。为了将这些材料应用于广泛的工业应用，需要一种简单的方法来控制致动器的效果。当今的形状记忆执行器的控制概念，无论是在应用中还是在试验台中，都是基于时间的。在转变为高温阶段后，这通常会导致过热，从而导致早期疲劳。此外，这种系统的动态行为会受到不必要的加热的影响，从而导致不良的时间性能。为了最小化这些影响，需要具有电阻反馈的控制器系统，以将能量输入保持在特定的关键点上。这两个关键点正好在转换之前（A s ）和紧接在重新转换之前（M s ）。这样可以触发快速而节能的转换周期。实验结果和机电演示系统都展示了该系统在效率，动力学和可靠性方面的优势。

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