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JUST WAR, NONCOMBATANT IMMUNITY, AND THE CONCEPT OF SUPREME EMERGENCY

机译:正义战争,非战斗豁免和至高无上的观念

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摘要

The supreme emergency exemption proposed by Michael Walzer has engendered controversy because it permits violations of the jus in bello principle of discrimination when a state is faced with imminent defeat at the hands of a very evil enemy. Traditionalists among just war theorists believe that noncombatants should never be deliberately targeted in war whether or not there is a supreme emergency. Pacifists, on the other hand, reject war as immoral even in a supreme emergency. Unlike Walzer, neither just war traditionalists nor pacifists make a special case for supreme emergencies. In this paper, I borrow Walzer's concept to provide support for a different ethics of war that limits war to supreme emergencies. In non-supreme emergency situations, I agree with pacifists in rejecting war even if just war requirements are satisfied. But in supreme emergencies, I agree with just war traditionalists that war can be legitimately fought provided that moral constraints that protect noncombatants are respected.
机译:迈克尔·沃尔泽(Michael Walzer)提出的最高紧急豁免权引起了争议,因为当一个国家面临一个非常邪恶的敌人的迫在眉睫的迫在眉睫的失败时,它允许以歧视的最佳原则违反法律。正义论战争理论家中的传统主义者认为,无论是否有最高紧急情况,都不应故意将非战斗人员作为战争的目标。另一方面,和平主义者甚至在极端紧急情况下也将战争视为不道德的行为。与瓦尔泽不同,战争传统主义者和和平主义者都不是极端紧急情况的特殊情况。在本文中,我借用了沃尔泽(Walzer)的概念,为将战争限制在最高紧急状态的不同战争伦理提供支持。在非最高紧急情况下,即使仅仅满足战争要求,我也同意和平主义者拒绝战争。但是在极端紧急情况下,我同意战争传统主义者的观点,即只要尊重保护非战斗人员的道德约束,就可以合法地进行战争。

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