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The flow properties of crushed ice

机译：碎冰的流动特性

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The flow properties of crushed ice under plane-strain conditions are examined. The analysis is based on a set of laboratory experiments. The geometric configuration provided a wide range of pressures and material behaviors. At the early stages of the extrusion, and near the exit, where pressures are low, models based on Mohr-Coulomb flow theory describe the extrusion of crushed ice satisfactorily. At more advanced stages of the tests, high pressures developed, crushed ice became fused, and its behavior was similar to that of highly damaged polycrystalline ice. An extrusion model based on a nonlinear viscous flow is presented. This formulation is appropriate for the pressure ranges encountered in ice-structure interaction. After the initial compaction of the material, the dynamic force characteristics similar to those observed in medium scale tests were observed. This shows that spalling and cracking are not necessary to produce the dynamic effect in the ice-structure interaction. The vibrations appear to be related to variations in the width of the fused zone of ice.
机译：研究了平面应变条件下碎冰的流动特性。该分析基于一组实验室实验。几何形状提供了广泛的压力和材料性能。在挤压的早期阶段以及压力较低的出口附近，基于Mohr-Coulomb流动理论的模型令人满意地描述了碎冰的挤压。在测试的更高级阶段，高压产生，碎冰融化，其行为类似于高度损坏的多晶冰。提出了基于非线性粘性流的挤压模型。该公式适用于冰结构相互作用中遇到的压力范围。初始压实材料后，观察到的动态力特性与中等规模测试中观察到的相似。这表明剥落和破裂对于在冰-结构相互作用中产生动力效应不是必需的。振动似乎与冰融化区域宽度的变化有关。

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