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首页> 外文期刊>Journal of Ornithology >The importance of excavators in hole-nesting communities: availability and use of natural tree holes in old mixed forests of western Canada
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The importance of excavators in hole-nesting communities: availability and use of natural tree holes in old mixed forests of western Canada

机译：挖洞机社区中挖掘机的重要性：加拿大西部老混交林中天然林木洞的可用性和使用

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Nest-holes created by woodpeckers or natural decay processes are an essential commodity for secondary hole-nesting species. Hole-making agents may strongly influence the richness and abundance of species in hole-nester communities. However, few studies have examined the characteristics and relative importance of naturally occurring holes for hole-nesters. Between 1995 and 2006, we examined 1371 excavated and non-excavated holes used by 29 bird and mammal species in central British Columbia, Canada. Excavated holes were much more abundant (85%) than non-excavated holes (15%). Red-naped sapsucker (Sphyrapicus nuchalis) and northern flicker (Colaptes auratus) excavated 52% of the holes monitored. At the community level, non-excavated holes were used for nesting less than expected based on their availability (6% of total nests), particularly among woodpeckers (2% of nests). However, secondary hole-nesters used non-excavated holes roughly in proportion to their availability (10% of nests), and some excavators used non-excavated holes for nesting (flicker and red-breasted nuthatch, Sitta canadensis, 4% of nests each; black-capped chickadee, Poecile atricapillus, 13% of nests). Although nests in non-excavated holes tended to be lower on the tree, larger internally and with larger entrances, only European starling (Sturnus vulgaris) appeared to select non-excavated holes with characteristics most similar to their preferred excavated holes. Non-excavated holes may be an alternate nesting resource for secondary hole-nesters that cannot acquire an excavated hole and, occasionally, for excavators. The use of non-excavated holes may provide an advantage for secondary hole-nesters by releasing them from the constraints of excavator nest-site preferences.
机译：啄木鸟或自然腐烂过程造成的巢穴是次级巢穴物种的重要商品。造孔剂可能会强烈影响黑头群落中物种的丰富度和丰度。但是，很少有研究检查自然发生的孔对于孔眼裂孔的特征和相对重要性。在1995年至2006年之间，我们检查了加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚省中部29个鸟类和哺乳动物使用的1371个挖掘和未挖掘的洞。挖洞比未挖洞（15％）丰富得多（85％）。红色枕形的啄木鸟（Sphyrapicus nuchalis）和北部的忽悠（Colaptes auratus）开挖了52％的受监测孔。在社区一级，未挖掘的洞用于筑巢的数量比其可用性（占巢总数的6％）要少，尤其是在啄木鸟（巢的2％）中。但是，次级洞hole使用未挖掘的孔大约与其可用性（巢的10％）成比例，并且一些挖掘机使用未挖掘的孔筑巢（闪烁和红胸五子雀，Sitta canadensis，每个巢的4％） ；黑冠山雀Poecile atricapillus，巢的13％）。尽管未挖掘孔中的巢穴往往在树上较低，内部较大且入口较大，但只有欧洲八哥（Sturnus vulgaris）似乎会选择特征最类似于其首选挖掘孔的未挖掘孔。对于无法获得挖掘孔的次生钻孔器而言，未挖掘的孔可能是备用的筑巢资源，对于挖掘机而言，偶尔也是如此。通过从挖掘机巢穴偏好的约束中释放非挖洞，可使用非挖洞为次级挖洞提供优势。

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