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The Sound of Tropical Cyclones

机译：热带气旋的声音

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Underwater ambient sound levels beneath tropical cyclones were measured using hydrophones onboard Lagrangian floats, which were air deployed in the paths of Hurricane Gustav (2008) and Typhoons Megi (2010) and Fanapi (2010). The sound levels at 40 Hz-50 kHz from 1- to 50-m depth were measured at wind speeds up to 45 ms(-1). The measurements reveal a complex dependence of the sound level on wind speed due to the competing effects of sound generation by breaking wind waves and sound attenuation by quiescent bubbles. Sound level increases monotonically with increasing wind speed only for low frequencies (<200 Hz). At higher frequencies (>200 Hz), sound level first increases and then decreases with increasing wind speed. There is a wind speed that produces a maximum sound level for each frequency; the wind speed of the maximum sound level decreases with frequency. Sound level at >20 kHz mostly decreases with wind speed over the wind range 15-45 m(-1). The sound field is nearly uniform with depth in the upper 50 m with nearly all sound attenuation limited to the upper 2 m at all measured frequencies. A simple model of bubble trajectories based on the measured float trajectories finds that resonant bubbles at the high-frequency end of the observations (25 kHz) could easily be advected deeper than 2 m during tropical cyclones. Thus, bubble rise velocity alone cannot explain the lack of sound attenuation at these depths.
机译：使用拉格朗日浮标上的水听器测量了热带气旋下的水下环境声级，这些水听器被空气部署在飓风古斯塔夫（2008），台风梅吉（2010）和法纳比（2010）的路径中。在高达45 ms（-1）的风速下，从1到50-m的深度测量40 Hz-50 kHz的声级。这些测量揭示了声级对风速的复杂依赖性，这归因于通过打破风波而产生的声音的竞争效应以及通过静止气泡产生的声衰减。仅对于低频（<200 Hz），声级随风速的增加而单调增加。在更高的频率（> 200 Hz）下，声级会随着风速的增加先增大然后减小。风速会在每个频率上产生最大声级。最大声级的风速随频率降低。在15-45 m（-1）的风力范围内，> 20 kHz的声级会随着风速的降低而降低。声场在上部50 m处的深度几乎均匀，在所有测量频率下几乎所有声音衰减都限于上部2 m。一个基于所测得的漂浮轨迹的气泡轨迹的简单模型发现，在热带气旋期间，观测值的高频端（25 kHz）的共振气泡很容易被平流至比2 m更深的位置。因此，仅气泡上升速度不能解释这些深度处声音衰减的缺乏。

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