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首页> 外文期刊>Journal of Polymers and the Environment >Carbohydrate Biolubricants from Algae and Cyanobacteria
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Carbohydrate Biolubricants from Algae and Cyanobacteria

机译：来自藻类和蓝藻的碳水化合物生物润滑剂

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摘要

Lubricants are used to prevent friction that causes resistance and heating up in oil drilling; ocular and orthopaedic implant materials; with Metal Working Fluids (MWF) and in general anti-wears. Conventional lubricants are either non-renewable petroleum-based or environmentally unfriendly synthetic materials, while biolubricants are renewable and eco-friendly of 'biological origin'. Biolubricants are derived from either lipids/oils or carbohydrates obtained from living sources like animals (Chitosan, Hyaluronic acid), plants (Gum arabic, Guar gum), algae/cyanobacteria (oil, polysaccharide) and other microorganisms like bacteria (Gellan, Xanthan gum, Dextran, Lichenysin, Surfactin), yeast (single cell oil), filamentous fungi (esters). Lipids/Oils have varied uses in energy (biodiesel), food and other sectors, and are therefore in high demand, while extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) are of limited use at present. Biolubricants from animals have limitations. Similarly, the use of higher plants also has limitations as they require large arable land; only a part of their biomass, not the entire plant useful, and have long-life cycles compared to microorganisms. However, microorganisms like bacteria need specialized equipment and techniques to cultivate, increasing production costs. But, Algae and Cyanobacteria are photoautotrophs with minimal growth requirements and easy to cultivate. The viscous algal/cyanobacterial polysaccharides have remarkable rheological properties useful in reducing friction. Among algae, the seaweed products like agar, carrageenan and alginic acids are shown to provide lubrication, but they are needed more for other uses, and the macroalgae cultivation has its own limitations. Instead, Microalgae and Cyanobacteria pose relatively less problems and produce polysaccharides with remarkable rheological properties and physico-chemical characteristics, fit for lubrication. They can be cultivated round the year, some with seawater or even with wastewater or effluents (resulting also in bioremediation), reducing the cost of biomass production. This review highlights the emerging importance of carbohydrates especially the extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) of Algae and Cyanobacteria with commercial potential as Carbohydrate biolubricants. In addition, algal/cyanobacterial biomass production, together with optimizations required to maximize polysaccharides have been reviewed and the physicochemical properties including molecular weight, crystallinity, thermal characteristic and rheology of polysaccharides useful as biolubricants are discussed.
机译：润滑剂用于防止摩擦导致耐抗性和升空油钻孔;眼睑和整形外科材料;用金属工作流体（MWF）和一般抗磨。常规润滑剂是不可再生的石油或环境不友好的合成材料，而生物润滑剂是可再生和生态源自的生态友好。生物润滑剂衍生自脂质/油或碳水化合物，如动物（壳聚糖，透明质酸），植物（牙龈阿拉伯，瓜尔胶），藻类/蓝藻（油，多糖）和其他微生物如细菌（Gellan，黄原胶，葡聚糖，唇塞蛋白，surfactin），酵母（单细胞油），丝状真菌（酯）。脂质/油在能量（生物柴油），食品和其他部门的用途不同，因此需求量很大，而细胞外多糖（EPS）目前有限使用。来自动物的生物润滑剂有局限性。同样，使用更高植物的使用也有局限性，因为它们需要大型耕地;只有其生物质的一部分，而不是整个植物有用，并且与微生物相比具有长寿命的循环。然而，细菌等微生物需要培养专门的设备和技术，提高生产成本。但是，藻类和蓝杆菌是光摄影术，增长最小的要求和易于培养。粘性藻类/蓝藻多糖具有显着的流变性，可用于减少摩擦。在藻类中，像琼脂一样，卡拉胶和藻酸等海藻产物被证明是提供润滑，但它们需要更多的其他用途，并且大理石栽培具有自身的限制。相反，微藻和蓝藻伴有相对较少的问题，产生多糖，具有显着的流变性能和物理化学特性，适合润滑。它们可以围绕一年培养，一些海水或甚至用废水或流出物（也是生物修复也导致），降低了生物质生产的成本。本综述突出了碳水化合物的新兴重要性，尤其是藻类和蓝细菌的细胞外多糖（EPS）具有商业潜力作为碳水化合物Biolumricants。此外，还讨论了藻类/蓝藻生物质生产以及最大化多糖所需的优化，并且讨论了包括可用作生物润滑剂的多糖的分子量，结晶度，热特性和流变学的物理化学性质。

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