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首页> 外文期刊>Journal of product innovation management >Back-loading: A Potential Side Effect of Employing Digital Design Tools in New Product Development
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Back-loading: A Potential Side Effect of Employing Digital Design Tools in New Product Development

机译：反向加载：在新产品开发中使用数字设计工具的潜在副作用

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Over the past 20 years, the use of digital design tools such as Computer-Aided-Design (CAD) has increased dramatically. Today, almost no product development project is conducted without the use of CAD models. Major advantages typically ascribed to using CAD include better solutions through broader exploration of the solution space as well as faster and less expensive projects through faster and earlier iterations. This latter effect, the shifting of simulation and testing traditionally accomplished with the help of physical prototypes late in the process-a slow and expensive activity-to doing similar activities with virtual prototypes faster and earlier in the process, has been identified as a key aspect of front-loading, an activity shift promising to enable superior product development (PD) performance. Given CAD's recent pervasive use, the research questions for this paper became "how has CAD use actually changed the way in which product development is conducted, and through which mechanisms and pathways can CAD impact PD performance, especially with respect to the idea of front-loading?" This paper addresses these questions by studying in a longitudinal comparison in detail two similar product development projects, one conducted in 2001, the other in 2009. The projects were carefully selected to isolate the substantially higher levels of CAD use of the second project while controlling for most other input factors that influence project performance. The project with substantially higher use of CAD exhibited significant improvements in prototyping costs but only marginal changes in project time and project engineering labor cost relative to the project with lower CAD use. In-depth intra-project analysis on the phase level reveals that the use of CAD affected how the product development was executed, with both positive and negative consequences. In addition to, and separate from positive aspects of front-loading, unintended consequences in the form of back-loading work are also observed. Back-loading can occur in two places in the product development process: First, the availability of CAD systems can cause an early jump into detail design, effectively shortcutting concept development. Second, the ability to relatively quickly conduct small changes virtually to the design can erode process discipline; late changes are made simply because they are possible. Both of these effects back-load work in the opposite direction of the positive front-loading. The theoretical implications of our observations are discussed, and a simple framework to convert our findings into managerial advice is proposed.
机译：在过去的20年中，诸如计算机辅助设计（CAD）之类的数字设计工具的使用急剧增加。如今，如果不使用CAD模型，几乎不会进行任何产品开发项目。通常，使用CAD的主要优势包括：通过更广泛地探索解决方案空间来提供更好的解决方案，以及通过更快，更早的迭代来实现更快，更便宜的项目。后一种效应，即传统上在过程后期借助物理原型的帮助进行的模拟和测试的转移（一项缓慢而昂贵的活动），被认为是在过程中更快，更早地使用虚拟原型进行类似活动的重要方面。前端装载，活动转移有望实现出色的产品开发（PD）性能。考虑到CAD的近来广泛使用，本文的研究问题变成“ CAD的使用实际上如何改变了产品开发的方式，以及CAD的机制和途径可如何影响CAD的PD性能，特别是关于前端设计的想法。正在加载？”本文通过纵向比较详细研究了两个类似的产品开发项目（一个于2001年进行，另一个于2009年进行），解决了这些问题。这些项目经过精心选择，以隔离第二个项目的较高CAD使用水平，同时控制影响项目绩效的大多数其他输入因素。大量使用CAD的项目相对于使用CAD较低的项目而言，在原型制作成本方面有显着改善，但项目时间和项目工程人工成本仅发生了少量变化。在阶段级别的深入项目内分析表明，CAD的使用影响了产品开发的执行方式，既有积极的影响，也有消极的影响。除了正面装载的积极方面之外，还观察到以背面装载形式的意外后果。在产品开发过程中，可能会在两个地方发生回载：首先，CAD系统的可用性会导致及早进入详细设计，从而有效地缩短了概念开发的过程。其次，相对快速地对设计进行少量更改的能力会侵蚀过程纪律。之所以进行后期更改，仅仅是因为它们是可能的。这两种影响都是在正向正向加载相反的方向上进行的。讨论了我们的观察结果的理论含义，并提出了一个简单的框架将我们的发现转化为管理建议。

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