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首页> 外文期刊>Journal of product innovation management >Pioneering Advantages and Entrepreneurs' First-mover Decisions: An Empirical Investigation for the United States and China
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Pioneering Advantages and Entrepreneurs' First-mover Decisions: An Empirical Investigation for the United States and China

机译：开拓性优势和企业家的先行决策：对美国和中国的一项经验研究

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摘要

New ventures are often launched for the purpose of pioneering an innovative new product or service in the marketplace. Entrepreneurs or founders of new ventures thus often have to make the decision whether to be the market pioneer or the first mover. While being a first mover potentially is advantageous, it also involves taking risks and facing uncertainties. Entrepreneurs must assess the benefits and risks of pioneering in the first-mover decision-making process to realize the potential competitive advantages associated with being a pioneer. Previous research has shown how entrepreneurs perceive potential gains and losses associated with exploring opportunities as the key defining element of entrepreneurial decision-making. Past studies have also indicated that cultural and business environmental factors affect both perceptions and decision-making. However, studies to date have insufficiently addressed the relationship between entrepreneurs' perceived pioneering advantages/disadvantages and their first-mover decisions, with little attention to cross-national differences. This study includes hypotheses postulating how entrepreneurs' perceived advantages and disadvantages of pioneering affect the number of first-mover decisions made by entrepreneurs in two different cultural contexts, the United States and China. We collect data from 152 U.S. entrepreneurs and 140 Chinese entrepreneurs over a four-year period and carry out empirical tests on the hypotheses using Poisson regression models. Our results provide insight on how culture affects perceptions of advantages and disadvantages of pioneering, and how these perceptions impact the likelihood of making a first-mover decision. We find that a higher level of perceived advantages will drive first-mover decisions, whereas perceived disadvantages will deter first-mover decisions. The negative effect of perceived erosion disadvantages on the number of first-mover decisions was higher for Chinese entrepreneurs, consistent with the high risk-aversion culture in China. However, this effect was not found for perceived uncertainty disadvantages, suggesting that the'risk-averse characteristics of Chinese entrepreneurs is an oversimplification, and that the Chinese cultural, business, and legal environment helps offset uncertainty disadvantages. We also find an interesting positive moderating effect of perceived advantage on the relationship between perceived disadvantages and the number of first-mover decisions in China only. That is, if perceived advantages are low, Chinese entrepreneurs are more risk averse than U.S. entrepreneurs; but if perceived advantages are high, Chinese entrepreneurs are more risk-seeking than U.S. entrepreneurs. This finding again challenges the risk aversion conclusion found by previous studies of Chinese managers.
机译：通常会为了在市场上开拓创新的新产品或服务而发起新的风险投资。因此，企业家或新企业的创始人通常必须做出决定，是要成为市场先驱者还是先行者。虽然先行者可能是有利的，但它也涉及冒险和面临不确定性。企业家必须评估先行者决策制定过程中的收益和风险，以实现与成为先驱者相关的潜在竞争优势。先前的研究表明，企业家如何将与发掘机会相关的潜在收益和损失视为企业家决策的关键要素。过去的研究还表明，文化和商业环境因素会影响观念和决策。然而，迄今为止的研究还不足以解决企业家所感知的先驱优势/劣势与他们的先发决策之间的关系，而很少关注跨国差异。这项研究包括假设，这些假设假设企业家在美国和中国这两种不同的文化背景下，企业家所感知的创业优势和劣势如何影响企业家做出的先发决策的数量。我们在四年的时间内收集了来自152位美国企业家和140位中国企业家的数据，并使用Poisson回归模型对假设进行了实证检验。我们的结果提供了关于文化如何影响创业的优缺点的见解，以及这些见识如何影响做出先发决策的可能性的见解。我们发现较高的感知优势将推动先行者决策，而感知劣势将阻止先行者决策。对于中国企业家而言，侵蚀侵蚀劣势对先发制人决策数量的负面影响更大，这与中国高风险规避文化相一致。但是，对于感知到的不确定性不利因素并没有发现这种效应，这表明中国企业家的“规避风险”特征过于简单化了，而中国的文化，商业和法律环境有助于抵消不确定性不利因素。我们还发现，只有在中国，感知优势对感知劣势和先行者决策数量之间的关系产生了有趣的积极调节作用。也就是说，如果感知到的优势低，则中国企业家比美国企业家更愿意承担风险。但是，如果优势明显，那么中国的企业家比美国的企业家更倾向于冒险。这一发现再次挑战了先前对中国管理者的研究所得出的规避风险的结论。

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